Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the in vitro inhibitory activity of aqueous extract of propolis (AEP) on the growth of Trichomonas gallinae in comparison to metronidazole. Aqueous extract of propolis inhibited the growth of T. gallinae trophozoites and the level of inhibition varied according to the extract concentration and incubation times. The highest reduction of parasitic growth (100%) was observed in cultures treated with 100 and 75 mg/ ml of propolis aqueous extract after 24 h. The same result was detected in cultures treated with 50 mg/ ml of AEP but after 48h. While Growth reduction by 92.5 and 80% was observed in 25 and 12.5 mg/ml propolis-treated cultures respectively after 96 h. Minimal lethal concentration of aqueous extract of propolis was 50mg /ml after 48 hours.In comparison complete inhibition of parasite growth was obtained by metronidazole (50 µg/ml) after 24hours. Light microscope observations revealed changes of the pear-shaped aspect of the cell as a result of presence of large vacuolations in the cytoplasm of the trophozoites. Our results hold the perspective for the utilization of propolis as an antitrichomonal agent after the complementary in vivo studies.
Highlights
Pigeons are worldwide free living species which found of ancient time, (Sari et al, 2008) and are most widely distributed among hoppy in the world, in some countries pigeons are used for human food as well as ornamental purposes, feral pigeon used as a bioindicator of chemical pollution (Nam et al, 2004 and klein et al, 2008)
Trichomoniasis is a common disease of pigeons, causing high losses among pigeon squabs
It is a world-wide, and occurs all over the seasons of the year (McDougald et al, 2003). It was not until the 1990 that the first therapeutic failures have been described for treatment of avian trichomonosis and that the existence of resistant T. gallinae strains has been reported
Summary
Pigeons are worldwide free living species which found of ancient time, (Sari et al, 2008) and are most widely distributed among hoppy in the world, in some countries pigeons are used for human food as well as ornamental purposes, feral pigeon used as a bioindicator of chemical pollution (Nam et al, 2004 and klein et al, 2008). Trichomonas gallinae causes avian trichomoniasis and affects upper digestive and respiratory tracts of different avian species, especially the crop and esophagus (Levine, 1985). Other organs, such as liver, bones, sinuses of the skull, lungs, air sacs, peritoneum and pancreas of birds can be parasitized partly depending on the virulence of the T. gallinae strains (Narcisi et al, 1991). The clinical signs of birds infected by T. gallinae vary ranging from asymptomatic to anemia, loss of body weight, anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration and death are the probably results of infection with these parasites (Burton and Doblar, 2004)
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