Abstract
Abstract. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia located in the west-northern coast of Java island, within a deltaic plain and passes by 13 natural and artificial rivers. This megapolitan has a population of about 10.2 million people inhabiting an area of about 660 km2, with relatively rapid urban development. It has been reported for many years that several places in Jakarta are subsiding at different rates. The main causative factors of land subsidence in Jakarta are most probably excessive groundwater extraction, load of constructions (i.e., settlement of high compressibility soil), and natural consolidation of alluvial soil. Land subsidence in Jakarta has been studied using leveling surveys, GPS surveys, InSAR and Geometric-Historic techniques. The results obtained from leveling surveys, GPS surveys and InSAR technique over the period between 1974 and 2010 show that land subsidence in Jakarta has spatial and temporal variations with typical rates of about 3–10 cm year−1. Rapid urban development, relatively young alluvium soil, and relatively weak mitigation and adapatation initiatives, are risk increasing factors of land subsidence in Jakarta. The subsidence impacts can be seen already in the field in forms of cracking and damage of housing, buildings and infrastructure; wider expansion of (riverine and coastal) flooding areas, malfunction of drainage system, changes in river canal and drain flow systems and increased inland sea water intrusion. These impacts can be categorized into infrastructural, environmental, economic and social impacts. The risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta and their related aspects are discussed in this paper.
Highlights
Land subsidence is a natural-anthropogenic hazard affecting quite many large urban areas in the world, including Jakarta, the capital city in Indonesia
Since information of land subsidence characteristics is important for sustainable urban development of Jakarta, understanding the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta and their related aspects is very important and strategic, and land subsidence charactristics should be continuously monitored
These larger rates of subsidence are mainly due to higher volumes of groundwater extraction, com1b1ined with relatively younger alluvium soil composition
Summary
Land subsidence is a natural-anthropogenic hazard affecting quite many large urban areas (cities) in the world, including Jakarta, the capital city in Indonesia It is located on the lowland area in the northern coast of West Java, centered at the coordinates of about 6◦15 S and +106◦50 E (see Fig. 1), within a deltaic plain and passes by 13 natural and two canals. Land subsidence is a well known phenomena affecting Jakarta, and it has been observed using several geodetic techniques and has been widely reported for many years (Rismianto and Mak, 1993; Murdohardono and Sudarsono, 1998; Purnomo et al, 1999; Rajiyowiryono, 1999; Abidin et al, 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013; Koudogbo et al, 2012; Ng et al, 2012; Chaussard et al, 2013). Since information of land subsidence characteristics is important for sustainable urban development of Jakarta (see Fig. 2), understanding the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta and their related aspects is very important and strategic, and land subsidence charactristics should be continuously monitored
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