Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution often occurs in the wintertime in northern China, posing a potential threat to human health. To date, there are limited studies about the metals and inorganic ions to link source apportionments and health risk assessments in the different size-segregated PM samples. In this study, our samples were collected by a high-volume air sampler from 26 December 2018 to 11 January 2019 in a high population residential area (Beijing). Water-soluble inorganic ions, metal elements in the different size-segregated PM samples were determined for health risk assessments by inhalation of PM. During the sampling period in Beijing, the average concentrations of PM1.1 and PM1.1–2.0 were 39.67 ± 10.66 μg m−3 and 32.25 ± 6.78 μg m−3. Distinct distribution profiles characterized the different elements. The markers of coal combustion Pb, As, and Se had >52% of their mass concentration in PM1.1. The average mass ratios of (NO3− + NO2−)/SO42−, Cl−/Na+, Cl−/K+, and Cl−/(NO3− + NO2−) were 1.68, 6.58, 6.18, and 0.57, which showed that coal combustion and vehicle emissions were the main anthropogenic sources of PM in Beijing in winter. PM1.1 was the major contributor of Pb, Cd, and As for carcinogenic risks (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ). It was indicated that PM1.1 is more harmful than coarse PM. The toxic elements of Cr (VI) (1.12 × 10−6), V (0.69 × 10−6), and As (0.41 × 10−6) caused higher CR for children than Ni, Cd, Co, and Pb. Meanwhile, Pb (35.30 × 10−6) and Ni (21.07 × 10−6) caused higher CR for adults than As, Cr (VI), V, Co, and Cd, especially PM1.1. This study provides detailed composition data and the first report on human health in a high population residential area in Beijing.
Highlights
In recent decades, with the rapid economic growth and urbanization of China, air pollutants have rapidly increase to become an environmental issue of public health concern in most metropolitan areas in China [1,2]
particulate matter (PM) can be classified as coarse particles (PM10 with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm), fine particles (PM2.5 ), and especially sub-micrometer (PM1 ) and ultrafine particles (UFPs, PM0.1 )
Many studies have reported that the mass concentration of size distribution varies in different conditions [43,44].The characteristics of atmospheric aerosols can be investigated based on the weather conditions [43] (T, relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), and wind direction (WD) and atmospheric pollutants (SO2, CO, NO2 and O3 ) [29]
Summary
With the rapid economic growth and urbanization of China, air pollutants have rapidly increase to become an environmental issue of public health concern in most metropolitan areas in China [1,2]. The presence of different PM-bound toxic compounds may pose severe health concerns and information about their size-distribution is of primary relevance to determine and quantify the potential deleterious effects on human health. It is very important to quantify the chemical composition of aerosols to determine the potential deleterious effects on human health, especially in higher population residential area. Our sampling site is in a high population residential area (Figure 1), with about 600,000 people, and the traffic volume is very heavy in the morning and evening rush hours Residents living in this area are potential receptors for metals in the air. (2)totochild identify potential sources to soluble enrichment of metals, estimate the health risk and the adults of several toxic contributing to enrichment of metals, the health risk to child and adults trace elements (As, Cd, Cr (VI), V, Ni,and. Of several toxic trace elements (As, Cd, Cr (VI), V, Ni, Co, and Pb)
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