Abstract
With the opening of the Chinese electricity market, as a retailer that provides energy services to consumers, the park-integrated energy system (PIES) not only serves as an effective way to earn benefits and reduce carbon emissions but also impacts the energy consumption characteristics of consumers. The PIES implements this function by adjusting the energy selling price in free energy markets. The pricing mechanism model (P-M model) is established to obtain the energy selling price in the planning and design stages. In this model, the impact of the demand response on the energy configuration and the impact of the changes in energy configuration on the energy cost price are both considered. Additionally, the optimal result ensures that both the consumers and the PIES benefit simultaneously. The reactive demand response zone, which represents a consumer trap, is found in numerical studies. The results indicate the following: (1) from the perspective of P-M model optimization, the benefit exclusive point of the PIES is the optimal solution in the short term; (2) from the perspective of the long-term benefit, the ultimate result in the relationship between the PIES and consumers is that the PIES will share its profits with consumers; in other words, benefit sharing point is the optimal solution for the long term.
Highlights
It is difficult to consider the energy demand characteristics of different parks when time-of-use tariffs are formulated for the large power grid, which leaves some margin for the park-integrated energy system (PIES)
The energy market composed of PIES, the large power grid, and consumers can be described by a typical Price Leadership Model [30]
In the benefit-sharing zone of Figure 12, point B is the optimal solution of the pricing mechanism (P-M) model; that is, the daily profit of PIES is 337,861 yuan, the peak selling price is 0.842 yuan/kWh, the valley selling price is 0.56 yuan/kWh, and the consumers’
Summary
The energy demand of a city is variable at different times during the day with trends remaining polarized. The annual working hours of additional energy production equipment are usually very low, and its initial investment and maintenance costs are not reduced in comparison This traditional mode increases the rate of equipment deterioration due to frequent idling and start–stop cycles. All three strategies can yield positive results of peak demand transfer, which involve reducing the power generation costs of energy producers (e.g., large coal-fired power plants, large-scale renewable energy plants), postponing the system update time of the T&D (transmission and distribution) grid, increasing the economic efficiency of the energy retailer, and reducing the electricity bills of consumers. The results indicate that using the new pricing model improves the total utility [14] of consumers and reduces the total electricity costs of public equipment. None of the current studies quantifies the initial investment reduction and the energy efficiency improvement which is caused by the reduction in the configuration capacity due to load leveling and peak shaving
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