Abstract
The study of biotic and abiotic factors and their interrelationships is essential in the preservation of sustainable marine ecosystems and for understanding the impact that climate change can have on different species. For instance, phytoplankton are extremely vulnerable to environmental changes and thus studying the factors involved is important for the species’ conservation. This work examines the relationship between phytoplankton and environmental parameters of the eastern equatorial Pacific, known as one of the most biologically rich regions in the world. For this purpose, a new multivariate method called MixSTATICO has been developed, allowing mixed-type data structured in two different groups (environment and species) to be related and measured on a space–time scale. The results obtained show how seasons have an impact on species–environment relations, with the most significant association occurring in November and the weakest during the month of May (change of season). The species Lauderia borealis, Chaetoceros didymus and Gyrodinium sp. were not observed in the coastal profiles during the dry season at most stations, while during the rainy season, the species Dactyliosolen antarcticus, Proboscia alata and Skeletonema costatum were not detected. Using MixSTATICO, species vulnerable to specific geographical locations and environmental variations were identified, making it possible to establish biological indicators for this region.
Highlights
Water sustainability has often been treated as sustainable freshwater management for human consumption
Planktonic components are of great importance in assessing the water quality of aquatic systems, as they are subject to environmental variations [135] in the area and the geographical locations where they grow [95]
In 2013, other authors [139] stated that nutrient concentrations are the drivers of dinoflagellate productivity, drawing attention to species such as Gymnodinium cf catenatum, Oxytoxum turbo and Prorocentrum micans, which we found were associated with warm waters with low salinity and nutrients during the rainy season in the northern station
Summary
Water sustainability has often been treated as sustainable freshwater management for human consumption. From a more holistic point of view, water, both freshwater and saltwater, is an important resource and essential for sustaining ecosystems that generate or maintain the environmental conditions necessary for sustaining life in general [1]. For the United Nations (UN), water is an essential element in the adaptation to climate change [1], and is a significant problem that society and the environment are currently. Environmental changes are considered one of the main elements that cause alterations in the environment and ecology, leading to vulnerability [4]. It is necessary to have quantitative and qualitative knowledge about ecosystems and to understand the factors that cause their vulnerability [5]
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