Study of Superconducting Bilayer for Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors for Astrophysics

Abstract

Due to their multiplexing capability and their good sensitivity to radiation from submillimeter to X-ray wavelengths, microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) are increasingly used in the field of astrophysics. The Advanced Technology Center of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan is developing MKIDs for astronomical observations such as CMB B-mode search with LiteBIRD. MKIDs are made of superconductors whose energy gap determines the detector frequency range. The energy gap depends on Tc, the critical temperature of the superconductor. It is thus important to be able to adjust Tc in order to choose the suitable frequency range. When using a single-layer MKID, the Tc is fixed by the superconducting gap energy of the unique component and cannot be changed. One possibility is to make a bilayer MKID using the proximity effect to adjust its critical temperature. This paper presents our new study on MKIDs made of superconductor/metal bilayers. We investigated niobium and copper bilayers (Nb/Cu) and fabricated different bilayers in our clean room. The critical temperature of each of them has been measured. We show that the Tc depends on the ratio between Nb and Cu thicknesses and that we are able to control it. Then, we characterized one of these Nb/Cu bilayers ( $\text{Nb} = 8 \text{nm}$ and $\text{Cu} = 22 \text{nm}$ ) once integrated in a MKID. We measured the temperature dependence of the resonant frequency, and we achieved quality factors as high as $2 \times 10^{4}$ . The measurement of the noise spectrum provided a lower limit equal to −85 dBc/Hz, and the calculation of the noise equivalent power has shown that the sensitivity of the Nb/Cu bilayer MKID is not very far from that of an Al monolayer MKID.