Study of Brunner's Glands Using Histology and Histochemistry in Various Age Groups of Cats, Dogs, and Goats

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to clarify what Brunner's glands are and how they are distributed in the duodenum of three different dietaryly diverse animals: cats, dogs, and goats. Each species had a total of 20 individuals, which were then divided into four groups of five animals each. The animals were categorized according to their age, which spans from one day to sixty days. After collecting samples from several locations in the duodenum and preserving them with formalin, they were later analyzed histologically. The sections were stained with various dyes, including hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, Periodic acid Schiff, Alcian blue PH 2.5, and a mixture of the two stains. All of the species included in the study exhibited an abundance of vacuolated columnar cells in their epithelium-lining villi at the one-day mark. Short and uneven, with intervals in between, were the villi. Except in canines, where the crypts were plainly apparent, the bases of the villi did not have crypts in the lamina propria, but they did contain clusters of immature cells. Also, the muscularis mucosa did not remain constant from one age group to the next. Furthermore, with the exception of goats, a Brunner's gland vanished from the submucosa in as little as one day. It wasn't until the animal was twenty days old, though, that this happened. The muscularis mucosa did not have a completely matured circular layer, but the mucosa contained thin cylindrical villi. During histogenesis, Brunner's glands and the crypts both grew. The villi changed into their mature form in forty days, the crypts were visibly expanding, and the muscularis mucosa formed a circular layer with more Brunner's glands in the submucosa. The mucosa developed mature villi resembling leaves after sixty days. An advanced circular muscular layer covered the muscularis mucosa, and the crypts were more along in their development. Goats have a mix of gland types, in contrast to canines and cats whose duodenal glands are mucous-based. Within the submucosa, the glands were composed of closely packed acini. Positive reactions were detected in dogs and cats only with Periodic acid Schiff, but in goats, they were seen with Alcian blue, Periodic acid Schiff, and a mix of the two. The villi's morphology, crypt count, and gland count were all greatly affected by the age and diet of the subject. Furthermore, this study used a number of morphometrical analyses to show how the lining changed with time.