Abstract
Anthropogenic and natural contamination of the groundwater with fluoride ions is a major problem worldwide. The removal of fluoride from drinking water using 10–20mg/L membrane process generates reject effluent with fluoride ion concentration in the range of 10–20mg/L and above. Since the quantity of effluent generated is significant, it requires further treatment of the reject waters. Experiments were carried out for the removal of fluoride both from simulated waters containing fluoride in concentration below 10mg/L and also using reject of reverse osmosis (RO) treatment plant using calcium bed in a percolation pit. Results of the experiments showed that fluoride level in the effluent of simulated waters could be reduced below 1.5mg/L which is the permissible limit for drinking water purposes thus indicating thereby that a percolation pit can be used independently for the removal of fluoride from drinking water. Experiments were extended for the treatment of RO reject water with fluoride ion concentration in the range of 10–25mg/L and the fluoride content of the effluent was around 3mg/L. The effect of various parameters such as the quantity of adsorbent, pH and temperature of feed water having fluoride level at 6mg/L were studied and the optimum conditions for the treatment are reported in this paper.
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