Abstract
Lead is a naturally occurring heavy metal that causes various harmful health problems. The most important effect of lead is on the nervous system of the body, especially on children and lactating as well as pregnant women and their offspring. The children are more susceptible to lead toxicity due to their high gastrointestinal absorption and lower renal excretion ability. The most common effects of lead observed in children are decreased intelligence, hyperactivity, behavioral changes, etc. Therefore, the detection of lead in environmental, biological, and industrial contexts is a critical concern due to its toxicity and adverse health effects. Among the various detection methods available, fluorescence and colorimetric techniques stand out for their high sensitivity, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. This review article examines multiple harmful effects of lead on children exposed to lead, such as its effects on the nervous system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, immune system, and normal growth of children. The review also explores the recent advancement in the detection of Pb2+ through fluorescence and colorimetric techniques, discusses the advantages of both methods and provides a comprehensive comparison to guide the selection of appropriate Pb2+ detection strategies in various contexts.
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