Abstract

In relation to the proposal to introduce an occupational exposure limit value for ethyl carbamate (EC) in Poland, a need to develop a sensitive method for determination of this carcinogenic substance in the workplace air was emerged. In the presented paper, a new method for its determination by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector (FLD) is proposed. The method is based on the adsorption of EC on the cellulose filter, its extraction with water, further reaction of EC with 9-xanthydrol in acidic solution. Determination of the obtained EC derivative (N-xanthyl ethyl carbamate) was then conducted in a reverse-phase system with acetonitrile and water mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min on an Ultra C18 column of 250 mm by HPLC–FLD. Measurement range of 0.1–2 µg/m3 for a 1440 L of air sample was appropriate to the established maximum admissible concentration value of 1 µg/m3. The limit of detection is 0.142 ng/mL, and the limit of quantification is 0.426 ng/mL, respectively. The developed quantitative method makes it possible to determine ethyl carbamate in workplace air, which in turn allows determining exposure indicators and facilitates occupational risk assessment for the employees.

Highlights

  • Ethyl carbamate (EC, urethane) of CAS no 51-79-6 is an odourless, crystalline solid of white colour, stable under normal conditions

  • In relation to the proposal to introduce an occupational exposure limit value for ethyl carbamate (EC) in Poland, a need to develop a sensitive method for determination of this carcinogenic substance in the workplace air was emerged

  • EC is used as a component of paint thinners and removers, additive for cosmetic and pharmaceutical products as well as in mixtures based on methyl methacrylate for dental applications (EFSA 2007; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2010; NTP 2011)

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Summary

Introduction

Ethyl carbamate (EC, urethane) of CAS no 51-79-6 is an odourless, crystalline solid of white colour, stable under normal conditions. Ethyl carbamate forms naturally in fermentation of foods, such as alcoholic beverages, soy sauce, yoghurt and cheese (Kim et al 2000; Hong et al 2007; Barlow and Schlatter 2010), and is present in tobacco smoke (Starek and Podolak 2009). EC occupational exposure can occur by inhalation or skin contact (Szymanska et al 2015). It has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a factor probably carcinogenic for humans (IARC 2010). It was found that in laboratory animals EC can cause lymphomas, leukaemia and cancers of lungs, liver, blood vessels and skin

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