Abstract
This article analyzes various configurations of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems consisting of batteries only, combinations of batteries and supercapacitors, and supercapacitors only. For the presented configurations, mathematical models that were used in research in terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions were developed, employing a 12-m city bus as a test bed. The tests were carried out using standard test cycles for heavy vehicles as well as routes developed on the basis of actual road conditions. The obtained test results confirmed that the lowest energy consumption is characterized by the system supplied exclusively by batteries (855 Wh/km), followed by a hybrid system of a large battery with a small supercapacitor (941 Wh/km), a hybrid system with a large supercapacitor and a small battery pack (1087 Wh/km), and finally a system with a supercapacitor only (1091 Wh/km). In comparison with the conventional diesel power system (3967 Wh/km), the CO2 emission reductions ranged from 27% to 43%, depending on the source of electrical energy.
Highlights
The emerging weather anomalies around the world [1], being the result of climate change, are an impulse for decision-makers to limit the emission of toxic gases generated in the transport sector.One such action was the signing of the Katowice climate package in December 2018 obligating transport sectors to reduce carbon dioxide emissions [2,3,4]
Based on the obtained results, it can be inferred that the lowest energy consumption was noted for tests conducted at an ambient temperature of 20 ◦ C
Based on the obtained results, the lowest energy consumption was noted for tests conducted at at an ambient temperature of 20 ◦ C
Summary
The emerging weather anomalies around the world [1], being the result of climate change, are an impulse for decision-makers to limit the emission of toxic gases generated in the transport sector. An important aspect in the operation of electric vehicles is the possibility of using it in various climatic conditions Studies on this issue were mainly related to the use of appropriate devices such as heat pumps [44,45], air conditioning systems, [46,47,48] and other systems [49] used to condition elements of the electric drive system, driver’s cab, and passenger compartment. The author presents the results of simulation studies of an electric drive system for a city bus, with the possibility of powering it from one of four energy sources: a purely battery system, a battery system with a small package of supercapacitors (SUPCAP), a layout with a large package of supercapacitors and a small package of batteries, and a system with a large package of supercapacitors. 12-meter city bus was analyzed in various standard test cycles (SORT 1, SORT 2, SORT 3, MBC, OCBC, UDDS-HD, BCDC), various road conditions related to changing speeds and road inclination variations (Gdynia-Flat, Gdynia-Hills), and different temperatures and passenger loading percentage conditions
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