Abstract
Breast milk is rich in sialic acids (SA), which are commonly combined with milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. As a functional nutrient component, SA-containing milk components have received increasing attention in recent years. Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been demonstrated to promote the growth and metabolism of beneficial gut microbiota in infants, bringing positive outcomes to intestinal health and immune function. They also exhibit antiviral and bacteriostatic activities in the intestinal mucosa of new-borns, thereby inhibiting the adhesion of pathogens to host cells. These properties play a pivotal role in regulating the intestinal microbial ecosystem and preventing the occurrence of neonatal inflammatory diseases. In addition, some recent studies also support the promoting effects of sialylated HMOs on neonatal bone and brain development. In addition to HMOs, sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids are abundant in milk, and are also critical to neonatal health. This article reviews the current research progress in the regulation of sialylated milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates on neonatal gut microbiota and health.
Highlights
Sialic acid (SA), known as N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), was originally isolated from bovine mandibular salivary gland mucin by a scientist named Blix
Glycoconjugates on the Growth of Beneficial Bacteria Researchers have found that the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in feces of breast-fed new-born was significantly correlated with fecal LF level [110]
SL intervention can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea in early weaning of piglets. These results suggest that SL promotes intestinal maturation of neonatal piglets by up-regulating the synthesis of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), Polysia and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) interaction pathways
Summary
Sialic acid (SA), known as N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), was originally isolated from bovine mandibular salivary gland mucin by a scientist named Blix. Given the important role of intestinal gut microbes in infant nutrition and health, as well as the development of immune system, this article reviews the research progress in the regulation of sialylated milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates on neonatal gut microbiota and health. Some of their effects on neonatal health have been reviewed in the past, the content has been incomplete and most of the discussion has focused on sialylated oligosaccharides. Recent studies showed that HMOs play an essential role in regulating neonatal intestinal microecology Among these HMOs, ∼10– 30% of oligosaccharides are sialylated [6, 8].
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