STUDI KEPADATAN TIKUS DAN EKTOPARASIT DI DESA JOMBLANG, KECAMATAN CANDISARI, KOTA SEMARANG TAHUN 2011

Hantavirus is a category II notifiable disease in Taiwan. The aim of this study is to investigate the rodent population, distribution, and seropositive rate of Hantavirus in its rodent vector. During the period from Jan 1, 2010 to Dec 31, 2013, a total of 3,088 rodents, which can be categorized into 6 species in 4 genera, 2 families, and 2 orders have been captured at international ports in Taiwan. The dominate species of the captured rodents were the species of Rattus norvegicus, followed by, in percentage descending order, Suncus murinus, Rattus losea, Rattus tanezumi, Bandicota indica and Musmus culus. The number of rodents captured were not differ greatly by year, indicated that the rodents now reached to a stable population in ports area. The detected Hantavirus seropositive rate was highest in R. norvegicus (11.52%), followed by R. tanezumi (2.60%), S. murinus (1.01%), and R. losea (0.25%). The average Hantavirus seropositive rate in rodents captured at international ports during Jan 2010 to Dec 2013 was 6.02 % (0.00%- 36.55%), except none detected in two ports (Taipei seaport and Hualian seaport). Although we have been monitoring the infection of hantavirus in rodents at international ports during the period from Nov 2004 to Dec 2013, but the hantavirus seropositive rate in rodent population was still presented at a certain level. The risk of human infection by hantavirus when in contact with excreta or secretions from infected rodents is high. We suggested that the authorities at international ports should strengthen port sanitation control and decrease density of rodent population in ports area, and focus on rodent elimination by drug, thus reduce the chance of contact between human and rodents, furthermore reduce the risk of human infection.

To investigate the geographical distribution and host selection of Leptotrombidium rubellum among different small mammal hosts in some areas of Yunnan province, China. Field survey was carried out in 23 counties of Yunnan province between 2001 and 2011. Small mammal hosts were captured with mouse cages and traps with baits. Chigger mites on the surface of two auricles were scraped off by a bistoury, and then preserved in 70% ethanol. Every specimen of the chigger mites on the slides was finally identified into species under a microscope. Some conventional statistical methods were adopted to calculate all the collected chigger mite species and the constituent ratios of L. rubellum in different areas and on different hosts, with prevalence (P), mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) on different hosts calculated. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship among P, MI and MA. Patch index (m*/m) was used to measure the spatial patterns of L. rubellum among different individuals of related small mammal hosts. A total of 108 480 chigger mites were collected from the body surface of all the captured small mammal hosts. All the collected chigger mites were identified as 3 subfamilies, 24 genera and 234 species. Of the 234 species of chigger mites, 654 individuals of L. rubellum were collected, only in 4 counties. The collected individuals of L. rubellum accounted for 0.603% of the total mites (108 480 individuals). 96.637% of L. rubellum came from flatland areas and habitats while only 3.363% of the L. rubellum were from the mountainous regions. The orderings of the hosts appeared as Rodentia and Insectivora harbored 96.296% and 2.469% respectively, of the collected while Lagomorpha and other orders there was no L. rubellum found. Of 67 species (in 34 genera and 12 families of 5 orders), Rattus tanezumi (in genus Rattus and family Muridae of Rodentia) harbored 96.788% of the collected L. rubellum with relatively low prevalence (P = 3.776%) or mean intensity (MI = 8.792 mites/per host), followed by Bandicota indica. Data from the patch index showed that L. rubellum had an aggregated distribution pattern among different individuals of their hosts. L. rubellum existed in Yunnan province with relatively rare numbers of the individuals. In Yunnan province, L. rubellum was mainly found in the flatland regions and habitats with relatively low altitude. L. rubellum could parasitize several different species of hosts with low host specificity, but it prefered to choose Rattus tanezumi and some other house-dwelling small mammals as its main hosts.

Objective To investigate and analyze proportion and distribution of small mammals and their parasitic fleas in households of western Yunnan Province and evaluate the risk of plague occurrence.Methods During the period from 2011 to 2012,800 households （20 households in each village） of 40 natural villages from 10 counties of western Yunnan Province were randomly selected and five live-traps per household were placed for three continuous nights to capture small mammals.Fleas from trapped small mammals were collected in laboratory.Small mammal density,flea infection,and flea index were calculated.Flea infections for small mammal species were compared using Chi square test.Results A total of 421 small mammals were captured,which belonged to 2 orders 2 families 6 genera and 9 species.General small mammal density was 3.51%（421/12 000）.The number of Rattus tanezumi was 278,which accounted for 66.03%.The highest density of Rattus tanezumi was 7.83% （94/ 1 200） in Mangshi.But Rattus tanezumi was not captured in Deqin County.A total of 992 fleas,which belonged to 3 families 5 genera and 5 species,were collected from 170 small mammals.General flea infection was 40.38% （170/421）.General flea index was 2.36 （992/421）.Among 992 fleas,Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis accounted for 47.78% （474/992） and 43.25% （429/992）,respectively.Xenopsylla cheopis flea index for Rattus tanezumi was 1.27 （353/278）.Flea infection of Rattus tanezumi （53.6%,149/278） was highest,and Xenopsylla c heopis infection of Rattus tanezumi（35.6%,99/278） was highest.Conclusions In households of western Yunnan Province,Rattus tanezumi is predominant species,Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis are dominant parasitic fleas and they are also dominant parasitic flea of Rattus tanezumi.The risk of plague occurrence still exists in Mangshi,Yunxian and Gengma counties with previous plague experience. Key words: Small mammal; Parasitic flea; Household; Western Yunnan Province

Objective To analyze the monitoring results of plague in Qianxi'nan Prefecture in Guizhou Province from 2006 to 2015, and to provide a reference for prevention and control of plague. Methods Using a retrospective analysis method, plague epidemic reports, epidemic source investigations, and animal plague surveillance data from 3 monitoring sites in Xingyi City, Anlong County, and Yilong Experimental Area in Qianxi'nan Prefecture from 2006-2015 were collected and analyzed. Results In 2006-2015, no rat plague and human plague occurred in Qianxi'nan Prefecture. There was no Yersinia pestis, and a total of 1 plague antigen F1 positive rat was detected in Xingyi City in 2006. The density of indoor rat was 2.28% (3 580/157 192), the density of indoor Rattus flavipectus was 1.31% (2 052/157 192), ranging from 0.90% to 1.82%, the differences were statistically significant between different years (χ2=91.110, P < 0.05); and the density of outdoor rat was 1.52% (2 358/154 732), the density of outdoor Rattus flavipectus was 0.58% (905/154 732), ranging from 0.39% to 0.90%, the differences were statistically significant between different years (χ2=63.428, P < 0.05). In the composition of rodents, Rattus flavipectus was the dominant species, Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus were common species. The musk deer index was 1.19. In the composition of flea species, the Xenopsylla cheopis was the dominant species with an index of 0.64, Leptopsylla segnis and Monopsyllus anisus were common species. Conclusions Rattus flavipectus and Xenopsylla cheopis was the dominant rodent and flea species in Qianxi′nan Prefecture. The density of indoor Rattus flavipectus and the index of flea are higher than those of the national standard of plague control(1.0%, 0.5). In the future, densities of Rattus flavipectus should be closely monitored, and the rodent and flea killing activities should be carried out in time. Key words: Plague; Monitorings; Analysis

Leptospirosis outbreak was occurred in Klaten district, Central Java, in June 2005. This outbreak was caused dead case out of 4 cases (Case fatality rate 25%). The Lepto­ spirosis reservoir spot survey was conducted in Bakung village, Jogonalan sub district, Klaten district, Central Java, in July 2005. The aim of the study was to discover the prevalence of leptospirosis and the diversity of rats. The methods use was rats trapping and serology test, for leptospira. The result of the study found 3 kinds of rats species, i.e. Rattus tanezumi (in houses), Bandicota indica , R. tiomanicus (in rice field) and 1 species of shrew Suncus murinus. In addition to that, it was found that R. tanezumi (6.82% of 44 rats) was infected by Leptospira bataviae , L. autumnalis and L. icterohemorrhagiae .

Objective To investigate the geographical distribution of plague host animals in residential areas and the association between plague and its distribution pattern in Yunnan Province.Methods A systematic investigation on fauna and community ecology of rodents was carried out in residential areas of 17 counties(cities) of Yunnan Province,southwestern China with different longitude,latitude and elevation from May 2007 to November 2012.The characteristics of the spatial distribution of flea communities along environmental gradients were analyzed using community structure indexes.Results A total of 390 small mammals were trapped in seventeen counties (cities),and the mammals were classified into 11 species and 7 genus in 4 families.Among all small host mammals,Rattus tanezumi,Rattus nitidus and Rattus norvegicus were dominant species of host animals in residential areas,accounting for 33.85％ (132/390),20.77％ (81/390) and 16.92％ (66/390),respectively.The horizontal distribution of rodents showed that Rattus tanezumi was the widest species in residential areas,which was found at the longitude 98°-105°,followed by Rattus norvegicus,Rattus yunnanensis and Mus musculus.The vertical and latitudinal distributions of rodents were similar in residential areas.Rattus tanezumi was also the widest distributed species,which was observed at the latitude 21°-＜ 28°N and at the altitude 500-＜ 3 500 m; the constituent of Rattus tanezumi showed similar trends of leaning peak curves,first gradually increasing and then decreasing with the increase of latitude and elevation; Rattus tanezumi gradually changed into Rattus nitidus and Apodemus chevrieri,et al.The richness spatial distribution patterns of host animals showed similar trends of leaning peak curves which gradually increased and then decreased with increasing of longitude and latitude; the highest richness was observed at the longitude 98°-＜ 101°E and at the latitude 23°-＜ 28°N.While,the richness spatial d istribution patterns of host animals were relatively poor in the low or the high altitude range.The highest richness was observed at the altitude between 1 000-＜ 1 500 m and 2 000-＜ 2 500 m.Conclusions All spatial patterns of indoor host animals have shown an aggregated spatial distribution in Yunnan Province.Moreover,important environmental factors such as longitude,latitude,and altitude play a substantial role on the distribution patterns of indoor host animals among various focus,therefore directly impact on the modes of prevalence and transmission of plague. Key words: Plague; Host animal ; Geographical distribution

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the incidence of leptospirosis was ≥ 500.000 cases annually with worldwide distribution. The Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of leptospirosis in Indonesia in 2004-2012 reached > 5%. Leptospirosis in Banyumas discovered since 2010 and until May 2014 found two suspected leptospirosis in Beji Village District of Kedung Banteng and Kedung Pring village District of Kemranjen. The purpose of this study was to identify the reservoir of leptospirosis. Method: The study was cross-sectional. The Location conducted in Kedung Pring village, Kemranjen sub district and Beji village, Kedung Banteng sub district in Banyumas. Result: The species that found in the location were Rattus tanezumi and Suncus murinus, but in Beji village also founded the Mus musculus. The trap success in each location was 15% for Beji Village kedung Banteng sub district and 14.14% for Kedung Pring village, Kemranjen sub district. Concusion: All of species that found in the study are known potentially to transmit leptospirosis. Keywords: Leptospirosis, Banyumas, Rats

Objective To evaluate the risk of plague occurrence via surveying and analyzing indoor rat density and flea index in natural villages having previous plague experience. Methods During August to September 2007, 30 natural villages experiencing previous plague were selected based on the surveillance data, and then all households were coded with numbers and 20 households in each village were randomly selected via computer. Cages and sticky papers were set in 600 selected households to capture rats and fleas. Rat density, flea prevalence, flea index and median were estimated. Results One hundred thirty-three Rattus flavipectus and 33 Suncus murinus were caught and averaged rat density was 2.8 rats per one hundred cage. nights (166/6000), the median was 5 rats each village. One hundred and one mice infected fleas, flea prevalence on rats was 60.8% (101/166), 296 Xenopsylla cheopis and 48 Leptopsylla segnis were collected. Rat flea index was 2.1 fleas per rat (344/166). A total of 315 dissociated flea was caught, average dissociated flea index was 0.026 fleas per sticky paper (315/11888). The median was 5.5 dissociated fleas per village. Of dissociated fleas, Ctenocephalides felis felis (205) and Xenopsylla cheopis (103) accounted for 97.8% (308/315). The proportion for species of the rat flea and the dissociated flea was different(Fisher test: P < 0.01). The rat flea was significantly associated with the rat density(r = 0.68, P < 0.01), but the dissociated flea was significantly associated with neither the rat density(r = -yield than fried wheat batter(χ2 = 5.59, P < 0.05). Conclusions In these villages having previous plague experience of Lianghe County, Rattusflavipectus was dominant species of indoor rats, Xenopsylla cheopis and Ctenocephalides felis felis were dominant species of rat flea and dissociated flea, respectively. Mengsong, Bangdu, and Tangjiatun village had potential risk of plague emergence. Key words: Plague; Rat density ; Flea index; Dissociated flea; Rat bait

Rats are rodents that coexist with humans because of the abundant easily available food sources, and aggravated due to the lack of public awareness with environmental hygiene. Apart from being troublesome, rats are also intermediaries for the cause of zoonoses. Initial observations, in Tandang village, there are densely populated areas, many rats of various types were found, including Rattus norvegicus, Rattus tanezumi and possibly other types that cause zoonoses. This study aims to examine the distribution of rats and their endoparasites in the Tandang village. The research method is analytical descriptive research. Traps were set at several points around dense settlements and markets. Data obtained by conducting random sampling. From the results of detaintment, 104 rats were obtained, consisting of 5 species namely Rattus norvegicus, Rattus tanezumi, Rattus exulans, Bandicota indica. Mus musculus. Endoparasites found in intestinal organs in the form of the tapeworm Hymenolephis sp., Trichuris trichiura worm eggs, Hymenolepis sp. The distribution of rats was found in dense residential areas, with 27 rats (22.21%) Rattus norvegicus, and 21 rats (20.19%) compared to their distribution in the market. The eggs of these parasitic worms are known to cause infection to humans through objects that encounterd with soil, sewage, etc. and are eventually swallowed. Symptoms experienced when infected include diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation, and anorexia.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira spp infecting human body through contact with urine of infected animals. Although leptospirosis has been reported in Indonesia, however there is no data of the disease in some regencies of Central Sulawesi Province , particularly in Toli-Toli, Tojo Una-una and Parigi Moutong . The clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult to be determined. As a result, the disease report is lower than the real condition in the field. This research was designed using an observational descriptive cross-sectional study. Samples were collected by purposive sampling based on geographic stratification and ecosystems as well as line transect method. The present Leptospira spp in rats were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). The results demonstrated that Leptospira spp was successfully detected in rats distributed in various ecosystems (far and near settlements) in the three regencies. The infected rats were Bunomys sp., Rattus sp., Maxomys whiteheadi , Rattus tanezumi , Maxomys cf. hellwaldii , Bunomys penitus , Rattus facetus , Maxomys cf. musschenbroekii , Mus musculus, Rattus hoffmanni , and Rattus exulans . The results also indicated that the risk of leptospirosis attacking in human transmitted by rats in those three regencies was relatively high.

Objective To examine the composition and distribution of animal reservoir of plague in Quanzhou city, Fujian province, and so as to accumulate basic data for making the plague prevention and control measures. Methods Rodents were captured by cages in six monitoring spots of Quanzhou city between 2000 and 2009. Then rodents and flea species were identified. Rats liver and spleen homogenates were detected of plague F1 antigen by reverse indirect hemagglutination test (RIHA); rats serum were detected of plague F1 antibody by indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). Results A total of 26 264 rodents were captured between 2000 and 2009.Rattus norvegicus and Rattus flavipectus were dominant species, which were accounted for 45.97％ (12 074/26 264)and 32.01％(8407/26 264), respectively. The account of Rattus flavipectus captured between 2005 and 2009 was (26.99 ± 2.46)％ and (37.03 ± 3.79)％ between 2000 and 2004. The difference was statistically significant (t =4.97, P ＜ 0.05). Total rodent densities was (6.86 ± 1.44)％, including(5.36 ± 1.83)％ in mountains and (6.81 ±1.66)％ in coastal areas, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant(t =1.01, P ＞ 0.05). Total flea index and flea infection rate of rodents were 1.39 ± 0.34 and (35.90 ± 5.34)％, respectively. Xenopsylla Cheopis index was 1.20 and free flea index was 0.009. Flea infection rate was (32.36 ± 0.96)％ between 2005 and 2009, which was lower than (39.44 ± 0.39)％ between 2000 and 2004(t =2.76, P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions The major rodent species found in Quanzhou city is Rattus norvegicus. Xenopsylla Cheopis is the dominant flea species.Spreading of plague among Rattus is not found. Key words: Plague; Host-parasite relations; Fleas; Data collection

The market is a public place that is used as a meeting place between sellers and buyers to conduct transactions. Traditional markets are markets that have not paid attention to health principles such as environmental sanitation. Poor sanitation plays a role in increasing the breeding of vectors such as rats. This study aims to measure the success rate of catching rats using roasted coconut, salted fish, and sweet potato bait, identify the types of rats that have been caught in the market, and analyze the relationship between the sanitation of the market and the success rate of catching rats and the level of rat density. This type of research is a descriptive study with market observation methods, collection of rat samples and identification of rat morphology. The total traps used in each market were 24 traps for 6 days at 8 points indicated by rats. At the Oeba market, rats prefer salted fish bait with a success rate of 25%, then roasted coconut with a success rate of 16% and sweet potatoes with a success rate of 2%. At the Oesapa market, rats preferred salted fish bait with a success rate of 29%, then roasted coconut with a success rate of 17% and sweet potatoes with a success rate of 3%. There are 5 types of rats and 1 type of shrew that have been caught, namely the house rat (Rattus tanezumi), the wirok rat (Bandicota indica), the rat rat (Rattus norvegicus), the bush rat or tree rat (Rattus tiomanicus), the field rat (Rattus exulans) and House shrew (Suncus murinus). Sanitation in the Oeba market and Oesapa market is included in the poor category so that the level of rat density in the Oeba market and Oesapa market is relatively high with percentages of 14% and 16% respectively.

Objective To investigate the community and evolution ecology of fleas on small mammals of 19 counties in Yunnan. Methods The parameters of community ecology: richness (S), evenness (J),diversity index (H), dominance index (C), PIE and constituent ratios (Cr) were used for analyses in this paper. Results 10 856 small mammals were captured, which belong to 10 families, 27 genera and 47 species. A total of 9 532 fleas were collected from the small mammal hosts and were identified into 5 families, 22 genera and 39 species. Five dominant small mammals are Rattus flavipectus, Eothenomys miletus, Apodemus chevrieri, Rattus norvegicus and Mus pahari which account for 71.69% of the total individuals, while the dominant fleas are Ctenophthalmus quadratus, Xenopsylla cheopis, Leptopsylla segnis, Macrostylophora euteles and Neopsylla specialis specialis (74.33% out of the total). Conclusion The diversity index of flea community was consistent with that of small mammal community in different habitats. The dominant species of fleas were also in accordance with the dominant species of small mammals in different habitats. The dominant flea species in a certain habitat was also the dominant flea species on the body surface of a certain species of small mammal hosts. The results might be an evidence of coevolution between fleas and their small mammal hosts. Key words: Siphonaptera; Flea; Community; Coevolution; Yunnan

Objective To analyze the predictors of the abundance of small mammals' parasitic fleas in households of Western Yunnan Province. Methods Eight hundred households of 40 natural villages from 10 counties in Western Yunnan Province were selected as study objects. Five live-traps were placed in each household for 3 continuous nights. The parasitic fleas of small mammals were collected by comb method and identified under a microscope. Potential predictors (including social economy, ecological environment (like building structure), human intervention (like keep a cat), the species of small mammals, the characteristics of small mammals, etc.) of the abundance of parasitic fleas were collected through face to face interview and observation. A data set was established using Epi Data 3.02. The relationship between the abundance of parasitic fleas and the potential predictors was explored using hurdle negative binomial regression model under R software. Results A total of 992 parasitic fleas (including 5 species) were collected from 421 small mammals. The number of Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis accounted for 91.03% (903/992). The following predictors were confirmed by the hurdle negative binomial regression model: the probability of parasitic fleas in households with brick concrete structure increased by about 1.38 times, while the number of parasitic fleas decreased by 63%; the number of parasitic fleas in cats of households was decreased by 66%; the probability of parasitic fleas in households with captured Rattus tanezumi increased by 172.16 times. Conclusions Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis are predominant species. The abundance of parasitic fleas is closely related to small mammals' species, surroundings around household and human intervention. Key words: Myomorph; Small mammal parasitic flea; Abundance; Predictors; Household

In the Philippines, few researches have been conducted about small mammals in urban areas at high elevation, where forests remain and non-native pest species can proliferate. Previous studies in Baguio City, Benguet Province reported three non-native species. This study extended these prior surveys by sampling in 13 localities, employing standard trapping method to document the distribution of species in an urban-forest setting. In 4,711 trap nights, 94 individuals were captured, consisting of four non-native species: Rattus exulans, Rattus tanezumi, Mus musculus, and Suncus murinus. Analysis of occurrence and relative abundance of species showed that small mammal distribution varied among the habitats, and appeared that variation may have been related to differences in vegetation structure or a habitat’s disturbance level. Rattus tanezumi was the most widespread, being especially common in backyard farms and in the public market. Suncus murinus was also widespread but less abundant than R. tanezumi. Rattus exulans was uncommon and restricted to certain area of a given habitat, particularly preferring weed-dominated areas. These suggest that non-native species are common and widespread in urban-forest setting but with apparent habitat preferences. The non-detection of native species is notable, suggesting that thorough studies can be done in the future.