Structure–activity relationship studies on chalcone derivatives: the potent inhibition of chemical mediators release

Abstract

Some chalcones exert potent anti-inflammatory activities. 2′,5′-Dialkoxychalcones and 2′,5′-dihydroxy-4-chloro-dihydrochalcone inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-activated N9 microglial cells and in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells have been demonstrated in our previous reports. These compounds also suppressed the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity in RAW 264.7 cells. In an effort to continually develop potent anti-inflammatory agent, a series of chalcones were prepared by Claisen–Schmidt condensation of appropriate acetophenones with appropriate aromatic aldehyde and then evaluated their inhibitory effects on the activation of mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and microglial cells. Most of the 2′,5′-dihydroxychaclone derivatives exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the release of β-glucuronidase and lysozyme from rat neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)/cytochalasin B (CB). Some chalcones showed potent inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation in rat neutrophils in response to fMLP/CB. Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited potent inhibitory effects on NO production in macrophages and microglial cells. Compound 11 showed inhibitory effect on NO production and iNOS protein expression in RAW 264.7 cells. The present results demonstrated that most of the 2′,5′-dihydroxychaclones have anti-inflammatory effects. The potent inhibitory effect of 2′,5′-dihydroxy-dihydrochaclones on NO production in LPS-activated macrophage, probably through the suppression of iNOS protein expression, is proposed to be useful for the relief of septic shock.