Structural integrity analysis of embedded optical fibres in composite structures

Abstract

The virtues of having sensors in manufactured goods for increased functionality purposes have been well documented. Benefits include sophisticated structures requiring less maintenance and repair, increased safety and reliability, and avoidance of ‘over design’. Though many schemes of sensing are available, these so-called ‘smart’ products in the near future, will increasingly rely on the optical fibres (OF) principles because of numerous inherent advantages. Optical fibres are small, lightweight, possess geometrical flexibility, Electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity, operate over a wide range of environmental conditions, and can be configured to respond to many physical parameters. This paper will report on the suitability of embedding OF in commonly used carbon-fibre composites. These panels will be designed, manufactured and tested for the effects of typical fibre-optic geometrical and physical parameters such as types of fibre coating polymers, fibre diameter and fibre distribution. Corroboration of these test results with finite element (FE) results will be shown. Based on tensile and compression tests on OF-embedded composites, it is shown that significant deterioration on strength is observed beyond a certain OF density level. This paper will focus on the macroscopic effect of having optical fibres in composites from a structural integrity point of view. To this end, an exposition on the theoretical considerations using continuum mechanics and energy principles is provided.