Abstract
Complete mitochondrial genome sequences facilitate species identification and analyses of phylogenetic relationships. However, the available data are limited to the diverse and widespread insect family Cicadellidae. This study analyzes and summarizes the complete mitochondrial genome structure characteristics of 11 leafhopper subfamilies and two newly sequenced Typhlocybinae species, Empoascanara wengangensis and E. gracilis. Moreover, using 13PCGs and rRNA data to analyze the nucleotide diversity, evolution rate, and the phylogenetic relationship between the subfamilies of 56 species, verifying the taxonomic status analysis of E. wengangensis and E. gracilis. The analysis results show that the genome structures of the subfamilies and the newly sequenced two species are very similar, and the size of the CR region is significantly related to the repeat unit. However, in the entire AT-skews and CG-skews, the AT-skews of other subfamilies are all positive, and CG-skews are negative, while Empoascini of Typhlocybinae and Ledrinae are the opposite. Furthermore, among 13PCGs, the AT-skews of 13 species are all negative while CG-skews are positive, which from Empoascini in Typhlocybinae, Idiocerinae, Cicadellinae, Ledrinae, and Evacanthinae. Phylogenetic analysis shows that ML and PB analysis produce almost consistent topologies between different data sets and models, and some relationships are highly supported and remain unchanged. Mileewinae is a monophyletic group and is a sister group with Typhlocybinae, and the sister group of Evacanthinae is Ledrinae + Cicadellinae. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the two newly sequenced species with other species of Typhlocybinae, which was separated from other subfamilies, and all Erythroneurini insects gathered together. However, E. gracilis grouped into a single group, not grouped with species of the same genus (Empoascanara). This result does not match the traditional classification, and other nuclear genes or transcriptome genes may be needed to verify the result. Nucleotide diversity analysis shows that nad4 and nad5 may be evaluated as potential DNA markers defining the Cicadellidae insect species.
Highlights
The insect mitochondrial genome is the only extranuclear genetic information carrier in insects
In the application of mitochondrial genes, whether it is a phylogenetic tree constructed or the study of population evolution based on the mitochondrial genome, a single protein coding gene and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene are commonly used
Compared with the complete mitochondrial genome, A single gene fragment can only reflect part of the effective biological information, and different researchers often get different results based on different genetic data, resulting in the phylogenetic relationship of many species of insects still unresolved
Summary
The insect mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is the only extranuclear genetic information carrier in insects. It is usually a closed double-stranded DNA molecule with a measured molecular weight of about 15–20 kb. There are repetitive regions and AT-rich regions in mitochondrial genes, and the real mitochondrial sequence and nuclear copy mitochondrial sequence (pseudogene) have great similarities, making it difficult to assemble the mitochondrial gene correctly after sequencing. Compared with the complete mitochondrial genome, A single gene fragment can only reflect part of the effective biological information, and different researchers often get different results based on different genetic data, resulting in the phylogenetic relationship of many species of insects still unresolved. With the continuous development of sequencing technology, it is necessary to use the whole mitochondrial genome as much as possible for phylogenetic analysis., In order to get more accurate results
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