Abstract
Results of analyses on localized jointing system are presented to study the link of groundwater inflow and joint orientations along the 2000 m excavation of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM-1) site, Kara...
Highlights
Groundwater inflow into underground excavations is one of the most unpredictable hazards in rock tunneling
The objective of this research is to evaluate the high groundwater inflow to rock tunnels using the characterization of main geological features with several approaches listed as follows: (1) continuation of discontinuities zone and hydrogeology and (2) the highest rate of water inflows indicate a trend of the joint sets
Bias toward identifying N–S trending lineaments may be due to the influence of topography on the sampling of the image, i.e. most high ridges
Summary
Groundwater inflow into underground excavations is one of the most unpredictable hazards in rock tunneling. Even the highly previous structural features showed no threat to the tunnel at a distance of greater than two tunnel-diameters from the excavation (Moon and Jeong 2011) The presence of these highly pervious features connected to a large source of water can have devastating effects resulting in flooding and abandonment of the excavation. Some of these geological features and its related disasters have been frequently reported in tunnels, such as the Long Zagros tunnel (Shahriar, Sharifzadeh, & Khademi, 2008) and Alborz tunnel (Wenner & Wannenmacher, 2009) in Iran. Several other tunnels were reported in other countries (Tseng, Tsai, & Chang, 2001; Song, Cho, & Chang, 2012)
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