Abstract
Unlike other sensory systems, the structural connectivity patterns of the human vestibular cortex remain a matter of debate. Based on their functional properties and hypothesized centrality within the vestibular network, the ‘core’ cortical regions of this network are thought to be areas in the posterior peri-sylvian cortex, in particular the retro-insula (previously named the posterior insular cortex-PIC), and the subregion OP2 of the parietal operculum.To study the vestibular network, structural connectivity matrices from n=974 healthy individuals drawn from the public Human Connectome Project (HCP) repository were estimated using multi-shell diffusion-weighted data followed by probabilistic tractography and spherical-deconvolution informed filtering of tractograms in combination with subject-specific grey-matter parcellations. Weighted graph-theoretical measures, modularity, and ‘hubness’ of the multimodal vestibular network were then estimated, and a structural lateralization index was defined in order to assess the difference in fiber density of homonym regions in the right and left hemisphere. Differences in connectivity patterns between OP2 and PIC were also estimated.We found that the bilateral intraparietal sulcus, PIC, and to a lesser degree OP2, are key ‘hub’ regions within the multimodal vestibular network. PIC and OP2 structural connectivity patterns were lateralized to the left hemisphere, while structural connectivity patterns of the posterior peri-sylvian supramarginal and superior temporal gyri were lateralized to the right hemisphere. These lateralization patterns were independent of handedness.We also found that the structural connectivity pattern of PIC is consistent with a key role of PIC in visuo-vestibular processing and that the structural connectivity pattern of OP2 is consistent with integration of mainly vestibular somato-sensory and motor information. These results suggest an analogy between PIC and the simian visual posterior sylvian (VPS) area and OP2 and the simian parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC).Overall, these findings may provide novel insights to the current models of vestibular function, as well as to the understanding of the complexity and lateralized signs of vestibular syndromes.
Highlights
Brain areas which receive vestibular inputs are widespread across the cortical mantle and subserve complex visuo-spatial skills such as selfmotion perception or spatial navigation as well as more fundamental physiological functions like postural and movement control (Lopez and Blanke, 2011)
These results suggest an analogy between posterior insular cortex (PIC) and the simian visual posterior sylvian (VPS) area and OP2 and the simian parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC)
We focused our analysis on OP2 and PIC, two regions that have been indicated as human homologues of PIVC and visual posterior sylvian area (VPS) in monkeys, respectively (Frank et al, 2016, 2014; Frank and Greenlee, 2018; zu Eulenburg et al, 2012)
Summary
Brain areas which receive vestibular inputs are widespread across the cortical mantle and subserve complex visuo-spatial skills such as selfmotion perception or spatial navigation as well as more fundamental physiological functions like postural and movement control (Lopez and Blanke, 2011). Vestibular inputs guide action initiation and movement control throughout pre-motor areas (BA 6, 44) and the frontal eye fields (BA 8) (Lopez and Blanke, 2011) and mediate spatial navigation by influencing the activity of the hippocampal formation, retro-splenial cortex, precuneus, and cingulate cortex (Hüfner et al, 2011; Indovina et al, 2016; Lopez and Blanke, 2011). The VPS homologue in humans is thought to be a region in the anterior-ventral bank of the supramarginal gyrus which responds to vestibular and visual inputs This area has been named posterior insular cortex (PIC) (Beer et al, 2009; Frank et al, 2014; Frank and Greenlee, 2018; Sunaert et al, 1999). This finding has led to renaming these structures as the PIVC+ complex (Frank and Greenlee, 2018)
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