Abstract
The purpose of this study, which contains historical data recorded over a period of 40 years, was to identify the main factors that influence and control the level of wood mass production. The main reason was to optimize the management of forest areas and was driven by the necessity to identify factors that can influence most of the volume produced by coniferous forests located in southeast Europe. The data was collected between1980 and 2005 at the National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, for forests located in the Southern Carpathians, Romania. The studied data refer to the parameters that model forest structure for spruce, fir, pine, and larch. These are the main resinous species found in the Southern Carpathians. The total area covered by these forests is 143,431 ha. At the forest species level, the analysis consists of 16,162 records (corresponding to the elements of the trees), covering an area of 45,008 ha for fir, 4711 ha for larch, 81,995 ha for spruce, and 11,717 ha for pine. The aim of this research has been to investigate and to assess the impact and magnitude of abiotic factors such as altitude and field aspect on forest structures from the main resinous stands located in the Southern Carpathians. Taking into account the size of the database as well as the duration for collecting data, a complete statistical and systematic approach was considered optimum. This resulted from our wish to emphasize and evaluate the influence of each analysed factor on the wood mass production level. The relationship between abiotic factors and forest structure has been analysed by using a systematic statistical approach in order to provide a useful theoretical reference for the improvement of forest management practices in the context of multiple climatic, environmental, and socio-economic challenges. These common characteristics have been found by applying ANOVA and multivariate statistical methods such as PCA and FA methods. A series of parameters were considered in this investigation, namely altitude (ALT), forest site type (TS), forest type (TP), consistency (CONS) etc. In order to obtain a complete image, we have also applied multivariate analysis methods that emphasize the effect size for each database parameter. At such a level of recorded data, the statistical approach ensures a factor level of p <0.001 while the accuracy in evaluating effect size is increased. As such, they influence the spreading and structure of the studied resinous stands to a higher degree, regardless of species.
Highlights
Modelling forest structure has multiple purposes: upgrading inventory, assessing alternative silvicultural practices, and designing future management plans [1], as well as assessing the relationship between forest structure and productivity [2] in order to guide and assist decision-makers in achieving sustainable management in accordance with their goals [3]
Forest structure is greatly influenced by abiotic factors whose influence can be seen in forest composition and density being an integrated part of the forest ecosystem
The Variation of Some Structure Parameters for the Main Resinous Species Located in Amongst the four resinous species from the Southern Carpathians, pine is situated at the lowest altitudes, followed by larch (600–1400 m), which has the largest distribution range, fir (900–1300 m), and spruce (1200–1800 m) (Figure 2)
Summary
Modelling forest structure has multiple purposes: upgrading inventory, assessing alternative silvicultural practices, and designing future management plans [1], as well as assessing the relationship between forest structure and productivity [2] in order to guide and assist decision-makers in achieving sustainable management in accordance with their goals [3]. This activity requires empirical information related both to thinning and natural stand growth [4] and relies on an accurate description of forest dynamics [5]. The Carpathian Mountains represent a complex mountain system running from the central part of Europe, corresponding to
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