Abstract
The Inner California Borderlands is a complex margin where sediment delivery to the basin floor is largely routed through canyon-channel-gully systems. Using nested geophysical surveys, piston and gravity cores from the Eastern Gulf of Santa Catalina, this study compares two canyon systems and investigates how tectonics, shelf width, gradient, and autogenic processes influence turbidite emplacement timing and grain size. One end-member canyon is the Dana Point Canyon, which is ~2 km from the San Juan Creek drainage and has a concave-up channel profile. The other endmember system consists of the San Onofre North and South (SON and SOS) canyons that are detached from San Mateo Creek by a wide 10 km shelf and they traverse a tectonically-deformed slope with multiple ponded basins. Radiocarbon ages sampled from 8 cores reveal that turbidite deposition at Dana Point persists during the sea-level lowstand of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 through the subsequent transgression and highstand. On the contrary, turbidite emplacement adjacent to the SON and SOS canyons occurs mostly during MIS 2 and ceases around 8 ka. The main regional control on turbidite timing is the wide shelf adjacent to the SON and SOS canyons that is formed by a broad uplifted anticline. This anticline separates the SON and SOS canyons from a riverine source during the sea-level transgression. Much of the tectonic deformation offshore of San Onofre was created by transpression along the right-lateral Newport Inglewood-Rose Canyon Fault Zone. Second-order controls on local turbidite emplacement include small synclines and anticlines that form ponded basins and accommodate deformation on the San Mateo Fault Zone. These basins engender deposition and intervening steep slopes promote sediment bypass. Complex bathymetry offshore San Onofre also affects channel gradient by either accelerating or decelerating flow. Turbidity flow dynamics modified by gradient changes offshore of San Onofre have the ability to modulate channel architecture and grain size. The implications of this work are that tectonically-deformed morphology complicates the timing of turbidite emplacement throughout a sea level cycle and the interpretation of turbidites as paleoseismic records in such regions.
Highlights
Studying submarine canyons has both societal and scientific relevance
Do submarine canyons serve as conduits for terrigenous material across margins to the deep sea (Allen, 2008), but fan deposits at the base of submarine canyons can serve as significant hydrocarbon reservoirs when filled with sand- or silt-prone sequences (Mayall and Stewart, 2000; Stow and Mayall, 2000; Pettingill and Weimer, 2002; Mayall et al, 2006)
The characteristic feature of the SOS Canyon-channel is the gently sloping and smooth terraced feature in the middle slope between the depths of 430 and 480 m, above and below which the average gradient increases to ∼7◦ (Figure 2B)
Summary
Studying submarine canyons has both societal and scientific relevance. do submarine canyons serve as conduits for terrigenous material across margins to the deep sea (Allen, 2008), but fan deposits at the base of submarine canyons can serve as significant hydrocarbon reservoirs when filled with sand- or silt-prone sequences (Mayall and Stewart, 2000; Stow and Mayall, 2000; Pettingill and Weimer, 2002; Mayall et al, 2006). Large catastrophic flows through channels in the eastern Gulf of Santa Catalina (GoSC) can be a significant geohazard to marine infrastructure (Paull et al, 2002; Xu et al, 2010). For these reasons, it is important to understand the evolutionary processes that shape canyon morphology and stacking patterns through time in sedimentary basins. Turbidity currents can transport large quantities of sediment (Talling et al, 2015); they have not been observed to traverse entire submarine canyon-channel systems (Fildani, 2017; Symons et al, 2017). There is still debate as to whether deep-sea turbidites are reliable paleo-seismometers (Sumner et al, 2013; Atwater et al, 2014)
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