Stress-derived reactive oxygen species enable hemocytes to release activator of growth blocking peptide (GBP) processing enzyme

Abstract

Insect cytokine growth blocking peptide (GBP) is synthesized as an inactive precursor, termed proGBP, that is normally present in a significant concentration in the hemolymph of non-stressed animals (Hayakawa, 1990, 1991). Under stress conditions, proGBP is instantly processed to active GBP by a serine protease and this is thought to be an important initial step for insects to cope with stress-induced adverse effects via GBP-induced physiological changes. However, the detailed mechanism underlying proteolytic processing of hemolymph proGBP in insects under stress conditions remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that proGBP processing requires ROS-induced release of a proteinaceous factor from hemocytes that activates the inactive proGBP processing enzyme. The release of the activator protein from hemocytes is initiated by an elevation of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration induced by ROS. Therefore, we concluded that stress-induced activation of proGBP requires ROS-dependent stimulation of an intracellular calcium signaling pathway in hemocytes, followed by release of the hemocyte proteinaceous factor that specifically activates the proGBP processing enzyme.