Streamflow Regime Variations Following Ecological Management on the Loess Plateau, China

Jianjun Zhang,Rui Li,Yongnan Lei,Xiaoping Zhang,Tingting Zhang

doi:10.3390/f7010006

Abstract

The continuous ecological management of the Loess Plateau is known throughout the world for two strategies: the integrated soil conservation project that began in the 1970s, and the “Grain for Green” project that began in the 1990s. Six sub-catchments nested in the Beiluo River basin were selected to investigate streamflow regime variations during the two project periods. The annual streamflow trends and change points were detected using a bootstrap-based Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt test. Annual streamflow (from the 1950s to 2011) exhibited significantly negative trends in five out of six catchments, varying from −0.15 to −0.30 mm/a. During the integrated soil conservation period, the annual streamflow was reduced due to high flow decreases (5% of time exceeded), whereas in the low flows (95%) it increased in all sub-catchments. During the “Grain for Green” period, the annual streamflow decreased due to daily streamflow reductions at four stations. In addition to high flow and low flow decreases at the Wuqi and Liujiahe stations during the “Grain for Green” period, it is significant that the low flows continuously increased. Compared with trends from the forestry area, which includes the Zhangcunyi and Huangling stations, incremental annual streamflow reductions were observed in other sub-catchments, which can be linked to ecological management. This result implies that streamflow can be moderated by appropriate management options, even in semiarid areas. It was concluded that a stable streamflow regime can be achieved in vegetated areas, and streamflow moderation is dependent on ecological management practices.

Highlights

Observations in most regions throughout the world show that hydrological cycles are being affected by climate change
In addition to high and median flow decreases, the low flows continuously increased in Wuqi and Liujiahe stations in PIII
The continuous ecological management of the Loess Plateau has involved two strategies: the integrated soil conservation project that began in the 1970s, and the “Grain for Green” project that began in the 1990s

Summary

Introduction

Observations in most regions throughout the world show that hydrological cycles are being affected by climate change. Such changes disrupt the hydrology of drainage basins, altering both the balance between rainfall and evaporation and the runoff response of the area [1,2]. The impact of human activities on streamflow variations is spatially heterogeneous throughout the world [3,4]. Climate change and human activity related to streamflow effects must be investigated to avoid and minimize the economic costs associated with floods and droughts [3,5,6]. Streamflow regime variations must be understood to achieve sustainable water resources management and develop decision-making strategies. The Loess Plateau (640,000 km2 ), located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin, generates some of the highest sediment yields observed on earth, with sediment yields exceeding

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