Strategy as A Culturally Dependent Phenomenon: The Interpretation of Japanese Corporate Strategy Through the Analysis of Aikido

Abstract

The purpose of this manuscript is to offer an interpretation of examples of Japanese strategic behavior through the cultural phenomenon of a Japanese martial art, aikido. Two aikido techniques, extension and projection, are used to offer an enhanced understanding of Japanese strategic conduct from a cultural perspective. In addition, it is proposed that this latent orientation toward the principles of aikido may be the contextual foundation of Japanese marketing protection. The present study first considers aikido's contribution to Japanese marketing strategy. Next, a general discussion of aikido covers the combat philosophy concentrating on differences between the U.S. and Japan's competitive orientation. Finally, an examination of the aikido defense tactics of extension and projection focuses on its use in marketing strategy with managerial implications offered.