Abstract

A review of empirical evidence of highly cognitive processes during predator–prey interactions on both sides is presented. Although simple mechanistic rules may explain part of the sequence of interactions during the predatory event, the predators are shown to apply conscious choice of prey and situations to influence the ultimate success of the hunt. Ungulate prey species are able to recognize and precisely behaviorally adjust to the type and level of predation risk, and this review focuses on selection on behavioral strategies of large mammalian predators and prey. Highly cognitive skills from perception through learning and analyzing to consciously making decisions are indispensable in both predators and their prey.

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