Strategic planning in the forest sector developed timber-producing countries as a key tool for the rational use of natural resources

The article examines the concept of use of natural in Environmental Law. It has been shown that both in law and in legal science, the concept is unreasonably used in the following meanings: sustainable use of natural resources, the use of natural resources that does not make their exploitation difficult, the use of natural resources that does not entail violation of the legislation, etc Two common legal criteria for the rational use of all natural resources have been identified: (1) achieving maximum efficiency of their use at the current level of the technique and technology development (2) with such a level of negative impact that the environment can handle itself On the basis of the named criteria, the rational use of any natural resources suggests understanding of the use of natural resources characterized by maximum efficiency in terms of the balance of private and public interests in environmental law in compliance with the current level of technological development and the extent of the negative impact that the environment is able to cope with itself because of its assimilating capacity The article defines legal differences between rational use of natural resources and their sustainable use. Also, it formulates additional legal criteria that separate the rational use of renewable and non-renewable natural resources An additional legal criterion for the rational use of renewable natural resources includes enhancement of sustainability of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects. Additional legal criteria for the rational use of non-renewable natural resources include: their most efficient use and/or extraction; their economical consumption with minimum losses at the current level of technology development It is suggested that the rational use of renewable natural resources means the use that results in strengthening natural ecological systems sustainability, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects. Rational use of non-renewable natural resources means their most efficient use and/or extraction, their economical consumption with minimum losses at the current level of technological development and such extent of the negative impact that the environment is able to overcome independently

The rational use of natural resources in land law is understood as the increase in the ecological efficiency of the use of natural resources, including the quality improvement. the paper identifies the types of public relations concerning the rational use of natural resources in land law: 1) improvement of the state of the natural environment and the ecological situation in general; 2) improvement of the quality of land as a separate natural resource and a natural object; 3) land reclamation; 4) land restoration; 5) additional reproduction of land fertility; 6) other relationships aimed at improving the sustainability of environmental systems of which land is a part. On the example of Part 2 Art. 8.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, Para. 2 of Art. 45, Para. 2 of Art. 46 and Para. 1 of Art. 47 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation the paper shows the significance of differentiation between rational and sustainable use of natural resources in land law for law enforcement. The proposed differntiation leads to overcoming legal uncertainty when bringing to administrative responsibility and forced termination of rights to land plots for failure to fulfill mandatory measures for the land improvement. The author substantiates the supression from the objective side of the administrative offense provided by Part 2 of Art. 8.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, of the failure to act on mandatory improvement of lands. The reasons for the proposed change of the rule include: 1) the absence in law enforcement practice of the facts of bringing to administrative responsibility under Part 2 Art. 8.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation for failure to comply with mandatory measures to improve lands; 2) recognition by courts in most cases of the design of part 2 of Art. 8.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation as a formally defined crime; 3) the study of Part 2 Article 8.7 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation in the science of Land Law exclusively in the context of the failure to implement mandatory measures to protect land and soil; 4) only social relations in the field of preservation and protection of land against negative impact can be the object of an administrative violation.

Basic Principles and Methods of Environmental Protection Planning in the USSR

The purpose of the study is to determine the most optimal ways to solve the problems of financing the implementation of environmental protection measures formulated based on the positive experience of foreign countries in the field of ensuring the rational use of natural resources. Methodology. The method of comparative legal research was used to analyse foreign experience in the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources, and the methods of modelling, analysis, and synthesis allowed determining the directions of increasing the efficiency of economic incentive use in Ukraine. Research results. Based on the studied experience of legal regulation of the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources in the countries of the European Union, the United States of America, Great Britain, Canada, and other foreign countries, it was concluded on the expediency of its implementation in Ukraine. The author determined the appropriateness of the introduction of tax privileges of economic activity of entities that promote the use of advanced technologies, which contribute to reducing the negative impact on the environment. The expediency of application in Ukraine of an extensive system of taxation of activities associated with the use of natural resources by means of activating the introduction of direct taxes paid directly by natural users is substantiated. The practicability of inclusion of payments for obtaining appropriate special permits (licenses), which are granted not only for the use of natural resources but also for the activities related to environmental pollution, in the system of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources is substantiated. The practical importance of the study. The expediency of introducing in Ukraine the approach of financial substantiation of national and regional programs in the sphere of natural resources utilization, which are realized at the expense of state and local budgets and successfully applied in foreign countries, is proved. The originality of the research. The results and conclusions of th e research can be used in the process of improving the legal regulation of the application of economic mechanisms for ensuring the rational use of natural resources.

The paper systematizes the directions of the state policy in the field of environmental on the following grounds: 1) the elements of environmental protection or elements of environmental safety; 2) actions reflecting the content of rationality; 3) renewability of natural resources; 4) the object of the nature; 5) the components of the natural environment. The grounds determined for classification helped to identify overlaps in the ideas and attitudes to environmental set out in numerous Russian political and legal instruments of environmental character and to determine internal contradictions. At the policy level, environmental is recognized as the basis for long-term economic sustainability. However, its content is poorly developed. There is no terminological unity regarding the most effective use of the natural environment. Unequal in essence, the terms nature natural resource sustainable natural resource management and safe nature management are used interchangeably. An unreasonable confusion of issues of environmental management, environmental protection and environmental safety is taking place. Environmental is not endowed with specific legal characteristics. It is incorrectly described as environmentally sound or sustainable of the environment. Due to the incompleteness and inconsistency of the state policy in the field of environmental management, there is practically no law enforcement practice reflecting the implementation of the relevant policy directions. Judicial interpretation concerns only some participants of the rational use of natural resources or the rational use of certain natural resources.

It was revealed that rational use of natural resources can be considered both as one of the goals and as a principle of natural resource branches of law, and the right of rational use of natural resources — as a system of legal norms within the relevant branches of law, containing such a goal and (or) principle and implementing them. The concept of the law of rational use of natural resources in the objective sense is formulated. The classification of positions on the use of environmental, environmental and natural resource law is carried out, depending on which system of environmental legal norms is a broader or narrower formation, which of them is completely or partially absorbed by the other. The proposed classification allows us to show the influence of such approaches on the hierarchy of associations of environmental and legal norms (different names of the same subdivisions, their unequal composition, structure, etc.). The place of the law of rational use of natural resources in the system of environmental law has been determined. It is a larger legal entity than an institution, but it is not formed into a sub-sector either. The law of rational use of natural resources refers to the constituent norms of environmental law, which are modified and disclosed in legal institutions of both environmental law and individual natural resource branches of law.

Introduction. The processes of globalization and social transformation have made environmen-tal conservation a priority, and therefore require some action to be taken to address environ-mental issues and the rational use of natural resources. The solution of the existing problems depends to a great extent on the functioning efficiency of the financial security system established in the country, the established composition and the volume of financing sources and certain directions of their use, which necessitates their scientific-based analysis. The purpose of the study is to investigate the state of financing environmental measures in Ukraine, to study the directions, dynamics and structure of costs for environmental protection, identifying features of financing environmental protection. Results. The comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of costs for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is carried out. The main components of environmental expenditures are identified. Costs for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources by financing sources have been structured. The dynamics and structure of capital investments by nature conservation measures are investigated. The dynamics of the share of expenditures for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources in the GDP of Ukraine, as well as the share of capital investments (environmental) in the structure of capital investments of Ukraine are analyzed. The features of the current state of financing environmental protection and rational use of natural resources are highlighted. Conclusions. The results of the research made it possible to identify the main problems in the field of financial support for environmental protection and to outline the ways of their solution. The necessity of investments mobilization into nature protection activity is proved through development of appropriate means of economic stimulation and their legislative fixing, which will allow to solve the problem of financial support of environmental protection by diversification of financing sources. Keywords: costs for environmental protection, environmental activities, environmental measures, recurrent costs, capital investments, cost structure, financial support.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the financing actions of ecological and economic development in Ukraine with the identification of the main disadvantages and perspective ways of improvement. The differences between financing environmental protection measures and actions of ecological and economic development are found out. Environmental measures grately involve expenditure of a forced, restrictive nature. Instead, financing actions of environmental and economic development aims at stimulating environmental investment and innovation, which in the long term, usually long–term, can provide them with profits and competitive advantages. The dynamics, directions of expenses on protection and rational use of natural resources in Ukraine are analyzed in the focus of the ratio of current expenditures and capital investments. It was revealed that the main part of expenses was spent on the treatment of reverse water and waste management, on radiation safety, air protection and climate change. A very low share in the structure of the expenses for protection and the rational use of natural resources for the financing of scientific research works of the directions of environmental protection was revealed. The analysis of the dynamics of expenditures on protection and rational use of natural resources for the period of 2006–2016 showed an increase of 3.7 times in terms of current expenditures and a 6.1 times increase in the volume of capital investments in environmental protection. The analysis of the structural trend in the ratio of current costs and capital investments confirmed the reduction of the former, but still prevail over capital investment. The volume of investments in capital reinnovation of the main means of environmental protection was investigated, which showed a reduction of the share of investments at the expense of own funds of enterprises, organizations and institutions. The branch structure of expenditures on protection and rational use of natural resources in Ukraine with a special attention to resource–intensive types of economic activity is disclosed. Excessive differentiation of the capital investments share in the context of various spheres of management was identified. The possibility of financial resources mobilizing due to the targeted support of those areas that are less monopolized, more flexible and innovative and characterized by a positive tendency of capital investment growth for protection and rational use of natural resources is substantiated.

This article analyzes the role and importance of legal support for the rational use of natural resources. Based on scientific and legal judgments, the main directions of the environmental policy of the state in the field of rational use of natural resources and issues of further improvement of natural resource legislation are substantiated. The author pays special attention to the definition of such concepts as: “use of nature”, “use of natural resources”, “rational use of natural resources”, “sustainable development” and “legal regime for the rational use of natural resources”. The general and specific features of the legislative acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in the field of rational use of land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna are analyzed. The main shortcomings of the legislation in this area are outlined; conclusions and recommendations are outlined for improving legislation in the field of rational use of natural resource legislation.

Problem setting. Given the invasion of Ukraine by the aggressor country, the implementation of the state environmental policy is of particular importance today, and its effective implementation requires the use of effective tools, improvement of current legislation and strategic planning, taking into account the need to intensify European integration and adopt EU best practices in this area. Therefore, the urgent issue now is to identify ways to increase the efficiency of state policy in the environmental sphere, to formulate and optimize the regulatory and legal support for the implementation of state environmental policy. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issues of implementation of the state environmental policy and the problems of improving the system of public administration of environmental safety have been considered by many scientists. For example, I. I. Samoilova [1] in her scientific works investigated the potential of the public administration system in Ukraine and the issue of its use to ensure environmental safety. Р. S. Kirin and S. V. Hryshchak conducted a comprehensive study of topical issues of ensuring and implementing environmental rights in the strategies of the State environmental policy and security of Ukraine during the wartime period and substantiated that the challenges of the wartime period determine the formation of an appropriate set of legal instruments with the help of which a platform should be built for direct or indirect measures to prevent, protect and restore the environmental rights of citizens violated by armed aggression, including an international mechanism for the restoration of environmental rights. Despite the sufficient number of scientific papers, the chosen research topic requires additional developments due to the need for scientific research on ways to improve the efficiency of state environmental safety and ensure environmentally balanced development of the state. Purpose of research is to study the topical issues of implementation of the State environmental policy in modern conditions and to identify possible areas for its improvement. Article’s main body. In the context of martial law, theoretical and practical issues of effective implementation of the state environmental policy, taking into account the existing processes of deepening the environmental crisis, are gaining particular relevance and new features. Modern processes of greening the world economy based on the concepts of sustainable development, rational use of natural resources and green economy require an effective environmental policy of the world community, with a long-term vision of state changes in accordance with the principles of balanced development laid down in strategic legislative and regulatory documents, but each developed strategy aimed at environmental protection and rational use of natural resources requires a clear mechanism for the implementation of the relevant legislation. That is, the development of relevant strategies requires the implementation of a well-established clear mechanism and consistency with the norms of the current legislation in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. The provisions of important strategic documents were analyzed, such as: The Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine until 2030, the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030, and the Strategy for Environmental Security and Climate Change Adaptation until 2030. Some issues of implementation of regional programs on environmental protection, rational use of natural resources and environmental safety are considered. Conclusions and prospects for the development. As a result of the study, it is reasonable to conclude that there are systemic problems in the implementation of the state environmental policy, in particular, the implementation of national and regional strategic priority areas, which require updating the relevant mechanisms for implementing environmental policy, including institutional ones. In addition to the above, it is now necessary to harmonize current legislation with strategic planning documents. That is, the current legislation in the field of environmental security should be correlated with the relevant strategic directions and state programs, which is extremely important in the context of the need to restore the national economy and all components of the country's national security on the way to EU membership.

The national interests of the state are to ensure socio-economic development based on the efficient and rational use, protection and reproduction of land resources in the production of organic products, as well as maintaining a healthy environment. This determines the urgency of harmonizing national policies in the field of reorganization, modernization and development sectors of the economy, and in the provision of services with policies on environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, public health, the formation and use of mechanisms to address these problems, taking into account the situation and the laws of a market economy. This article examines the process of agricultural production taking into account environmental factors and ensuring the rational use of land resources. The importance of soil quality indicators, as well as their impact on land use of agricultural enterprises for the production of organic products is substantiated. The optimal ecological strategy is recommended for most agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. The processes of development of organic food products in Ukraine were considered, as well as the essence and meaning of the concept of “organic products”. The expediency of organic production is proved and the factors of influence of organic products on society are considered. An effective way to improve the condition of soils and lands, increase their fertility in the future. The importance of crop rotations for improving the efficiency and fertility of land resources of Ukraine has been established. Purpose. Creating a market for organic products and proposals for the rational use of land resources. Results. The essence and concept of organic products are revealed. The process of agricultural production is studied taking into account environmental factors and ensuring the rational use of land resources. The importance of soil quality indicators, as well as their impact on land use of agricultural enterprises for the production of organic products is substantiated. The optimal ecological strategy is recommended for most agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. The expediency of organic production is proved and the factors of influence of organic products on society are considered. Proposals for improving the efficiency of land use, improving the condition of soils and lands, increasing their fertility in the future. The national interests of the state are revealed, which are to ensure socio-economic development based on efficient and rational use, protection and reproduction of land resources in the process of organic production, as well as maintaining a healthy environment. Conclusions. The urgency of creating a market for organic products and improving the efficiency of land use and creating sustainable systems of organic production that contribute to the preservation of ecosystems and gradually improve soil quality, which is an integral part of environmental and economic policy, which ensures rational use, protection and management of land resources , is important. In this context, the organization of rational and efficient land use includes creating the best conditions for organic production, reproduction and protection of soil fertility, increasing its role in agricultural production, scientifically sound interaction of soils with other natural factors, ensuring the development of the most complete and correct criteria, methods and techniques. Scientifically substantiated alternation of crops and vapors in time and territory or only in time (rotation) in advance according to a defined plan, and is accompanied by an appropriate tillage system. Thanks to the crop rotation system – a systematic increase in yield, provides the largest production of agricultural products per unit area with the lowest financial costs and labor, and ensures the rational use of land resources in the production of organic products.

Issues of legal regulation in order to ensure environmental safety, rational use of natural resources, and their protection are relevant for the Russian Federation and the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). FEC organizations carry out economic activities that have a direct impact on the environment. Legal regulation in the field of environmental management, the establishment of appropriate standards, environmental requirements for business activities, and the establishment of financial regulators contribute to the preservation of the environment. Issues of legal regulation in connection with the Paris Climate Agreement are of particular relevance in modern socio-economic conditions. The CIS states and the EAEU have historically established economic ties in the fuel and energy sector, and common energy markets are currently being formed. In this regard, there is a need to adopt new legislative decisions in the field of rational use of natural resources, ensuring safety and maintaining the environment in proper condition. In particular, joint solutions are needed on climate issues and economic decarbonization. In this study, the goal was to substantiate proposals for the development of certain areas of legal regulation in the area of public relations under consideration. In this regard, an analysis of national legislation was carried out, as well as interstate agreements, decisions, review documents, model laws of the CIS, international agreements and conventions were collected and analyzed. Based on the analysis, a proposal was formulated on the possibility (subject to the interest of all participants) of developing and adopting an inter-integration agreement (between the CIS and EAEU associations) in the field of activity of fuel and energy complex organizations in order to solve environmental problems, as well as climate ones. Such an agreement would allow the EAEU member states to use the existing legal potential of the CIS countries, in particular, model legislation, and would also help resolve issues of financing joint projects in the field of scientific and technical cooperation. The possibility of developing at the level of national legislation criteria for compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation and introducing compliance programs at the level of fuel and energy complex organizations (programs for compliance with the requirements of legislation on the rational use of natural resources and ensuring environmental safety) is also justified.

Экология бўйича янги қонунчилик соҳасида амалга оширилган ислоҳотлар натижасида, биологик хилма-хиллик, ўсимлик ва ҳайвонот дунёси, озоқ-овқат хавфсизлигини таъминлаш, ўрмонлардан фойдаланиш ҳамда экологик хавфсизликни таъминлаш, экологик сиёсат, табиий ресурслардан оқилона фойдаланиш билан боғлиқ масалалар ўз акини топган.

In modern conditions of gradual depletion of natural resources, natural capital is becoming the main limiting factor of production systems. The dominant trend of exceeding the rate of use of natural resources over the growth rate of production leads to exclusive attention to the need to increase the productivity of natural resources in solving environmental problems and problems of rational use of mineral resources. The resource potential created in Ukraine, its uniqueness, scale of development, relevant infrastructure objectively determine in the long run the preservation of a significant share of the mineral complex in social production. The inefficiency of the technical and economic mechanism of subsoil use leads to large losses of minerals, which makes it objectively necessary to form conceptually new approaches to the rational use of natural resources. Strategic resources are a prerequisite for increasing not only economic but also environmental efficiency: the production of industrial waste is several times lower than from extracted natural raw materials, which creates the preconditions for increasing the profitability of the enterprise. Rational use of natural resources allows to increase volumes production per unit of resource, reduce costs marketable products, expand the market niche of the enterprise and optimize the size of penalties for environmental pollution. It is also crucial solving environmental problems: reducing the area of land that are taken away under dumps; reduction of the volume of stored waste and dustiness of the territory, etc. In view of this, it can be argued that strategic resources produce opportunities for synergy of environmental and economic results through rational use of natural resources. Development and implementation of management decisions aimed at ensuring a balance of resources enterprises is a combined process, which is based on use of various management methods and tools appropriate to the current conditions and development objectives of the entity.

The paper gives a general description of legal prohibitions and restrictions in the field of environmental protection and nature management, shows their objective and subjective meanings. The author determines the balance between legal prohibitions, restrictions, limits and requirements. «Environmental requirements» are defined as a legal means, the meaning of which is broader than legal «prohibitions» and «restrictions». Requirements in the field of environmental protection, in addition to mandatory conditions and restrictions, include other legal means: 1) prescriptions (positive obligations), 2) prohibitions and 3) permits with restrictive conditions. The main purpose of legal regulation in establishing prohibitions and restrictions in the field of ensuring rational use of natural resources is to restrain activities of economic entities within the assimilation capacity of the environment. An additional goal of legal regulation is to improve natural environment, restore its disturbed state, and increase the sustainability of ecological systems. The general prohibition as the first level of normative regulation makes it possible to ensure sustainable nature management as the initial stage of rational nature management. The legal means of the second level of normative regulation are also aimed at ensuring the use of the natural environment within its assimilation capacity. At the same time, at the second level, there are legal incentives that encourage and motivate nature users not just to fulfill their duties, supporting sustainable nature management, but to move to improving ecological systems’ sustainability. The third level of normative regulation consists of prohibitions aimed at improving sustainability of environmental systems. The author proves admissibility of legislative specification of various levels of the general restriction of rights in the field of ensuring rational use of natural resources enshrined in the federal legislation.