Abstract
Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD) in conjunction with Field-Emission Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-ESEM) has been used to evaluate the microstructural and local plastic strain evolution in different alloys (AISI 1005, AISI 304L and Duplex 2205) deformed by a single-stage cold and warm forging process. The present work is aimed to describe the different behavior of the austenite and ferrite during plastic deformation as a function of different forging temperatures. Several topological EBSD maps have been measured on the deformed and undeformed states. Then, image quality factor, distributions of the grain size and misorientation have been analyzed in detail. In the austenitic stainless steel, the γ-phase has been found to harden more easily, then α-phase and γ-phase in AISI 1005 and in duplex stainless steel, sequentially. Compared to the high fraction of continuous dynamic recrystallized austenitic zones observed in stainless steels samples forged at low temperatures, the austenitic microstructure of samples forged at higher temperatures, 600–700 °C, has been found to be mainly characterized by large and elongated grains with some colonies of fine nearly-equiaxed grains attributed to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization.
Highlights
Properties of metallic materials depend significantly on their microstructure
Altan et al [1] indicated the importance of deformation temperature by stating that, above the recrystallization temperature of a formed metal, strain rate is the significant processing parameter, while, below the recrystallization temperature, strain is the processing parameter of primary importance
Its static plastic deformation and corresponding microstructural evolution was found different from dynamic loading conditions at high strain rate [5,6,7,8,9]
Summary
Properties of metallic materials depend significantly on their microstructure. Two of the most important parameters affecting mechanical behavior of metals and alloys are the grain size and the strain hardening. Its static plastic deformation and corresponding microstructural evolution was found different from dynamic loading conditions at high strain rate [5,6,7,8,9] Another steel grade of great interest for forging industry is the Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS). The mechanical properties of carbon and stainless steels can be improved by fine-grained structures [13,14,15,16] Such materials do not undergo phase transformations within a wide temperature range, and small grain sizes can be produced by dynamic recrystallization (DRX) under warm or cold forging conditions [17,18]. The strain hardening behavior of the steels at cold and warm working conditions is fully analyzed
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