Abstract
The interaction of storm-water discharges with the flow in rivers and estuaries often involves cross-flowing jets or plumes. This paper reviews the theoretical, experimental, numerical, and field research on this topic. The geometry of the outfall, the jet velocity ratio, and the relative density of the discharging flow have been shown to affect the mixing and dilution of the discharge into the ambient water. Storm-water outfalls are typically circular or rectangular; however, there are numerous open channel outfalls that have trapezoidal or irregular cross sections with large width to depth ratios. The extensive research of pioneers such as N. Rajaratnam on jets and plumes has led to the development of software packages for outfall evaluations. The CORMIX model is an example of one of these packages. The research on which these models are based is discussed, and some guidelines are given for estimating the dilution at outfalls with high width to depth ratios.Key words: storm water, outfalls, jets, plumes, cross flow, modelling.
Published Version
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