Abstract
The present study mainly investigates the storm surge variations at different temporal scales using hourly tide gauge data in the Bohai Sea. The seasonal variation, inter-decadal variation, long-term trend and the tide-surge interaction were analyzed separately. The results show that the storm surges in the southwest Bohai Sea are larger than those in the north. The storm surges were more serious in winter (Oct. to Mar.) than in summer half of the year. Significant inter-decadal variations exist in the Bohai Sea, and the extreme storm surge events have been intensifying since 2010. Storm surge intensities at three of the tide gauges (Qinhuangdao, Huludao and Tanggu) exhibited a decreasing trend from 1980 to 2016, with trends significant at the 95% level at Qinhuangdao and Tanggu. Significant tide-surge interactions were observed at all four tide gauges. The tide-surge interaction that results in peak surges mostly occurs during the flood and ebb tides. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between storm surge intensity and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) at Longkou and Tanggu, while there is a significantly positive correlation between storm surge intensity and the Siberian High (SH) at Huludao, Qinhuangdao and Tanggu. A linear regression analysis revealed that the variations of the AO and SH explained 19–48% of the variations in the storm surge intensity in the Bohai Sea.
Highlights
The present study mainly investigates the storm surge variations at different temporal scales using hourly tide gauge data in the Bohai Sea
The storm surges in the Bohai Sea are mostly caused by cold-air outbreaks and extratropical cyclones[27,28,29], which are strongly impacted by other large-scale systems such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), Siberian High (SH), East Asian Winter Monsoon and East Asian jet stream[30,31,32]
It should be noted that some high storm surge levels were generated in July and August of some years, which is thought to be caused by typhoons passing the Bohai Sea
Summary
The storm surges in the Bohai Sea are mostly caused by cold-air outbreaks and extratropical cyclones[27,28,29], which are strongly impacted by other large-scale systems such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), Siberian High (SH), East Asian Winter Monsoon and East Asian jet stream[30,31,32]. Zhang and Sheng[41] simulated the extreme sea levels in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and they obtained the 50-year return levels in these areas These works were all carried out using numerical models, and they lacked comprehensive verifications by comparing the modeled results with observed storm surges in the Bohai Sea. Using long-term sea level observations from 4 tide gauges, we comprehensibly investigated the storm surge variations over the Bohai Sea spatially and temporally, and the relationships between the storm surges and climate indices were analyzed.
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