Stochastic functional Kolmogorov equations II: Extinction

Abstract

This work, Part II, together with its companion-Part I develops a new framework for stochastic functional Kolmogorov equations, which are nonlinear stochastic differential equations depending on the current as well as the past states. Because of the complexity of the problems, it is natural to divide our contributions into two parts to answer a long-standing question in biology and ecology. What are the minimal conditions for long-term persistence and extinction of a population? Part I of our work provides characterization of persistence, whereas in this part, extinction is the main focus. The techniques used in this paper are combination of the newly developed functional Itô formula and a dynamic system approach. Compared to the study of stochastic Kolmogorov systems without delays, the main difficulty is that infinite dimensional systems have to be treated. The extinction is characterized after investigating random occupation measures and examining behavior of functional systems around boundaries. Our characterizations of long-term behavior of the systems reduce to that of Kolmogorov systems without delay when there is no past dependence. A number of applications are also examined.