Stereospecificity for the hydrogen transfer and molecular evolution of pyridoxal enzymes.

Abstract

We here describe the stereochemical aspects of the reactions of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes, and the relationship between the stereochemistry of the enzyme reaction and molecular evolution of the enzyme. The reactions of PLP-dependent enzymes proceed through the formation of an anionic Schiff base intermediate between the substrate and the coenzyme. Three stereochemical possibilities exist for the formation and cleavage of bonds in the intermediate: the reaction occurs stereospecifically on either the si- or the re-face of the planar intermediate, or alternatively, non-stereospecifically on both faces. The stereospecificities for hydrogen transfer between C-4' of the cofactor and substrate in the transamination catalyzed by various PLP-dependent enzymes have been studied. The stereospecificities reflect the active-site structures of the enzymes, especially the topographical situation of a coenzyme-substrate Schiff base and a catalytic base for the hydrogen transfer. The aminotransferases and other PLP-enzymes catalyzing the transamination as a side-reaction so far studied catalyze only the si-face specific hydrogen transfer. This suggests that these PLP enzymes have similar active-site structures and are evolved divergently from a common ancestral protein. We recently established a new method for the identification of stereospecificity for the hydrogen transfer, and found that D-amino acid aminotransferase and branched chain L-amino acid aminotransferase, which have significant sequence similarity to each other, catalyze the re-face hydrogen transfer on the intermediate. The X-ray crystallographic studies of D-amino acid aminotransferase showed that the relative arrangement of the catalytic base of the enzyme active center to the C4' of the bound cofactor is opposite to that of other aminotransferases catalyzing the si-face hydrogen transfer. The folding of D-amino acid aminotransferase is also different from those of the other aminotransferase so far studied. Therefore, the classifications of the aminotransferases based on their primary structures, three dimensional structures, and stereochemistry of their hydrogen transfer coincide with one another. We also found that PLP-dependent amino acid racemases, the primary structures of which are similar to none of the other PLP-enzymes, catalyze the non-stereospecific hydrogen transfer on both faces of the planar intermediate. Stereospecificities for the hydrogen transfer suggest convergent evolution of the PLP-dependent enzymes. The stereochemical aspects of the enzyme reactions give a clue to the molecular evolution of the enzymes as well as the primary structures and three-dimensional structures of the enzymes.