Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis and mechanisms underlying cardiac diseases is mandatory for the development of new and effective therapeutic strategies. The lack of appropriate in vitro cell models that faithfully mirror the human disease phenotypes has hampered the understanding of molecular insights responsible of heart injury and disease development. Over the past decade, important scientific advances have revolutionized the field of stem cell biology through the remarkable discovery of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These advances allowed to achieve the long-standing ambition of modelling human disease in a dish and, more interestingly, paved the way for unprecedented opportunities to translate bench discoveries into new therapies and to come closer to a real and effective stem cell-based medicine. The possibility to generate patient-specific iPSCs, together with the new advances in stem cell differentiation procedures and the availability of novel gene editing approaches and tissue engineering, has proven to be a powerful combination for the generation of phenotypically complex, pluripotent stem cell-based cellular disease models with potential use for early diagnosis, drug screening, and personalized therapy. This review will focus on recent progress and future outcome of iPSCs technology toward a customized medicine and new therapeutic options.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels and are the main cause of death worldwide
Cardiomyocytes loss is an irreversible process which is often followed by scar formation; these phenomena, taken together, represent the two main pathological problems since cardiomyocytes loss is not replaced by new ones because the cardiac tissue has a very limited regenerative capacity, while scar/fibrosis leads to heart failure (HF) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
[78,79], before induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be used at least immunological reaction since they are patient-specific andarise their future application for regenerative since they are patient-specific and their future application regenerative medicine is intended, transcription factors, molecules, and signaling pathways that mightfor have a role in enhancing human immunological reaction since for they are patient-specific and their future application for regenerative for human cell therapy a series of problems, such as genomic instability, interline variability, risk of optimal medicine is intended, at least some diseases, to be used for the patient they are derived from
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels and are the main cause of death worldwide. Most of our knowledge about the molecular basis of CVDs has come from rodents that, very useful, do not accurately mirror human diseases biological, genetic, and electrophysiological differences. Drug screening and toxicity testing [8], cell transplantation and regenerative medicine [9] Based on this knowledge and potential, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) became). We discuss the role of derived from somatic cells, and, ii) they maintain genomic and epigenomic profiles of the patient’s human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as new players in modeling cardiac disease in vitro and in future they are derived from. We discuss the role of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as new perspective of personalized and regenerative medicine.
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