Abstract
Although many byproducts of milling industries have potential as a ruminant feed, they have not been widely used due to their low nutritive value, especially high-fiber content and difficult processing techniques. Steam explosion can increase the degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin and make byproduct feedstuffs more suitable as ruminant feed. Five byproduct feedstuffs: cassava alcohol residue (CAR), distillers' grains (DG), cottonseed meal (CM), rapeseed meal (RM) and potato starchy residues (PSR), were steam-exploded using five different processing parameters and the effects on the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, energy value, and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System composition were assessed in order to provide a theoretical basis for the technique's development and utilization for ruminant feed production. In this study, after steam-explosion treatment, the nutritive value and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of CAR, DG, RM and PSR were improved (p < 0.05), while there was no effect on nutritive value of CM (p > 0.05). Specifically, steam explosion treatment decreased the contents of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, available cell wall, and slowly degraded protein, and increased the total digestible nutrients, digestible energy, metabolic energy, net energy for maintenance, and net energy for gain, sugar, non-structural carbohydrate and IVDMD. Therefore, steam-explosion treatment offers the potential to improve the suitability of byproduct feedstuffs as ruminant feed.
Highlights
In recent years, a growing global population and changing consumption patterns require sustainable food production and increasing amounts of animal proteins [1]
Steam-explosion treatment offers the potential to improve the suitability of byproduct feedstuffs as ruminant feed
Steam explosion treatment had effect on chemical compositions and 48 h in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) (p < 0.05), where the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in cassava alcohol residue (CAR), distillers’ grains (DG), and rapeseed meal (RM) (p < 0.01) decreased by 14.64%, 19.04%, and 1.64%, respectively, and the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased (ranging from 10.42% (DG) to 1.23% (RM)) (p < 0.05), and the contents of acid detergent lignin (ADL) in DG and cottonseed meal (CM) decreased (p < 0.05); while, after 48 h, the IVDMD increased by 32.06%, 30.36%, 9.97%, 16.75%, 8.82%, respectively (p < 0.01)
Summary
A growing global population and changing consumption patterns require sustainable food production and increasing amounts of animal proteins [1]. Animals 2019, 9, 688 and food-industry residues such as those from the oil-pressing industry, sugar industry and food processing account for about 30% of agricultural production [2] These residues can lead to vast waste of biological resources and cause environmental pollution if they are not handled properly [3]. These residues have the potential to become feed with a high nutritive value and to produce more animal protein for human consumption, if fully utilized [2]. The rumen of ruminants contains a large variety and number of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and archaea, which ferment low-quality, high-fiber feed to produce volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins to provide energy [5]. Methods for improving the nutritive value of byproduct materials have been reported, including chemical [6], biology [7], and physical simple treatment [8]
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