Statuses, shortcomings, and outlooks in studying the fate of nanoplastics and engineered nanoparticles in porous media respectively and borrowable sections from engineered nanoparticles for nanoplastics

Abstract

This review discussed the research statuses, shortcomings, and outlooks for the fate of nanoplastics (NPs) and engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in porous media and borrowable sections from ENPs for NPs. Firstly, the most important section was that we reviewed the research statuses on the fate of NPs in porous media and the main influencing factors, and explained the influencing mechanisms. Secondly, in order to give NPs a reference of research ideas and influence mechanisms, we also reviewed the research statuses on the fate of ENPs in porous media and the factors and mechanisms influencing the fate. The main mechanisms affecting the transport of ENPs were summarized (Retention or transport modes: advection, diffusion, dispersion, deposition, adsorption, blocking, ripening, and straining; Main forces and actions: Brownian motion, gravity, electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, hydration, filtration, bridging; Affecting elements of the forces and actions: the ENP and media grain surface functional groups, size, shape, zeta potential, density, hydrophobicity, and roughness). Instead of using the findings of ENPs, thorough study on NPs was required because NPs and ENPs differed greatly. Based on the limited existing studies on the NP transport in porous media, we found that although the conclusions of ENPs could not be applied to NPs, most of the influencing mechanisms summarized from ENPs were applicable to NPs. Combining the research thoughts of ENPs, the research statuses of NPs, and some of our experiences and reflections, we reviewed the shortcomings of the current studies on the NP fate in porous media as well as the outlooks of future research. This review is very meaningful for clarifying the research statuses and influence mechanisms for the NP fate in porous media, as well as providing a great deal of inspiration for future research directions about the NP fate in porous media.