Abstract
Water is essential for life. In Japan we use approximately 83.1 billion m3 of water per year, 87% of which is derived from rivers and lakes and 13% from groundwater. To satisfy our water demand, the Japanese government constructed about 3,000 reservoirs (with bank heights ≥15.0 m) during the latter half of the twentieth century, and these reservoirs produce another 23.8 billion m3 of available water (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism of Japan 2010; Japan Dam Foundation 2007). In addition, Japan imports large quantities of food estimated to be equivalent to 74.4 billion m3 of virtual water annually (Oki and Kanae 2004).
Published Version
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