Abstract
The interaction of underwater sound with the ocean surface is explored. Analytic expressions for the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of surface reflected signals are developed. Statistical models for surface scattered intensity, arrival time, and Doppler fluctuations are developed in relation to wave shape, transducer position, and transmission frequency. Measurements from two experiments are considered. Data collected from AUTEC explore surface scattering effects in the frequency regime of 8 kHz–10 kHz, while data collected in a variable speed wind wave channel at Scripps Institution of Oceanography explore scattering statistics in the 200 kHz–400 kHz (VHF) frequency regime. Physics based analytic expressions for the equations of motion of specular reflection points (SRPs) along a time-evolving wave surface are derived. The time-varying Doppler shift of VHF underwater acoustic signals is attributed to SRP motion associated with surface wave propagation. Model predicted values are compared to experimenta...
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