Statistics and segmentation: Using Big Data to assess Cascades arc compositional variability

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Abstract Primitive and mafic lavas erupted in the Cascades arc of western North America demonstrate significant patterns of along-arc heterogeneity. Such compositional diversity may be the result of differences in mantle melting processes, subduction geometry, regional tectonics, or compositions of the slab, mantle, or overlying lithosphere. Previous authors have partitioned the arc into four geochemically distinct segments in order to assess the importance and relative roles of these processes (Schmidt et al., 2008). However, despite the significant amount of data available from the Cascades arc, no previous study has utilized a statistical approach on a comprehensive dataset to address arc segmentation and its petrogenetic causes. To better characterize the heterogeneity of the entire arc, we first compiled >235,000 isotopic, major, and trace element analyses (glass and whole rock) from over 12,000 samples, which range in composition from mafic to felsic, and include data from arc-front and back-arc centers. We focus on the 2236 mafic arc-front samples in our compilation in order to assess potential causes for along-arc differences in less differentiated magmas, and to potentially lessen any effect of crustal assimilation. To minimize inherent sampling bias – the effect where well-studied volcanoes heavily weight conclusions – we use a weighted bootstrap Monte Carlo approach in which the probability of a sample being selected to the posterior distribution was inversely proportional to the number of samples within its 0.25° latitude bin. This methodology produces a more uniform and unbiased distribution from which we can assess regional, rather than local, compositional variability in the Cascades arc. Using a multivariate statistical approach, we demonstrate that the four segments designated by Schmidt et al. (2008) are, in fact, statistically distinct. However, using a modified hierarchical clustering mechanism, we objectively divide the arc into six regions which have geochemical differences that are up to 6.3 times more statistically significant than in the previous scheme. Our new, more robust segmentation scheme includes the Garibaldi (49.75–51°N), Baker (48.5–49.75°N), Glacier Peak (47.75–48.5°N), Washington (45.75–47.75°N), Graben (44.25–45.75°N), and South (41.25–44.25°N) Segments. By partitioning the arc into the most statistically distinct segments and calculating unbiased mean compositions for each, we explore the petrogenetic causes for the regional-scale differences in primitive lava compositions. These bootstrapped mean data indicate significant inter-segment differences in fluid-flux signature, mantle fertility, and depth and degree of melting. We suggest that differences in subduction geometry, regional tectonics and mantle heterogeneity are the primary causes for these intra-arc differences.