Abstract
This paper presents an experimental characterization of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) channels in the 6.5 GHz, 10.5 GHz, 15 GHz, 19 GHz, 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands in an indoor corridor environment. More than 4,000 power delay profiles were measured across the bands using an omnidirectional transmitter antenna and a highly directional horn receiver antenna for both co- and cross-polarized antenna configurations. This paper develops a new path-loss model to account for the frequency attenuation with distance, which we term the frequency attenuation (FA) path-loss model and introduce a frequency-dependent attenuation factor. The large-scale path loss was characterized based on both new and well-known path-loss models. A general and less complex method is also proposed to estimate the cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) factor of close-in reference distance with the XPD (CIX) and ABG with the XPD (ABGX) path-loss models to avoid the computational complexity of minimum mean square error (MMSE) approach. Moreover, small-scale parameters such as root mean square (RMS) delay spread, mean excess (MN-EX) delay, dispersion factors and maximum excess (MAX-EX) delay parameters were used to characterize the multipath channel dispersion. Multiple statistical distributions for RMS delay spread were also investigated. The results show that our proposed models are simpler and more physically-based than other well-known models. The path-loss exponents for all studied models are smaller than that of the free-space model by values in the range of 0.1 to 1.4 for all measured frequencies. The RMS delay spread values varied between 0.2 ns and 13.8 ns, and the dispersion factor values were less than 1 for all measured frequencies. The exponential and Weibull probability distribution models best fit the RMS delay spread empirical distribution for all of the measured frequencies in all scenarios.
Highlights
With the explosive growth of mobile data traffic and the ever-increasing demand for higher transmission speed, the conflict between increased capacity and spectrum shortage has become an issue of critical importance
A new path-loss model is proposed to account for frequency attenuation with distance; the model is termed as the frequency attenuation (FA) path-loss model
Comparison with large-scale path-loss models shows that the close-in free space reference distance models and the FA proposed models are simpler and more accurate and ensure a physical tie to the transmitter power by using the calibration physical distance of 1 m
Summary
With the explosive growth of mobile data traffic and the ever-increasing demand for higher transmission speed, the conflict between increased capacity and spectrum shortage has become an issue of critical importance. For indoor channel and propagation measurements at mm-wave bands, many studies exist on the 60 GHz WiGig frequency bands that have been used in short-range communications such as wireless local area networks (WLAN) [48,49,50,51]. Extensive indoor propagation channel characterizations are performed for mm-wave bands of 6–40 GHz. The channel characteristics are investigated based on the proposed and well known path-loss models of single- and multi-frequency schemes for co- and cross-polarization antenna configurations. Based on these measurements, an extensive indoor channel characterization for mm-wave bands was investigated as follows. The path loss is the main parameter that can be used to describe the large-scale effects of the propagation channel on the received signal It measures large-scale fading behavior based on power attenuation as a function of distance and frequency. Similar to the CIX model, the ABG model parameters (α, β, γ) can be used for V-H propagation measurements, and the ABGX model is provided as [57]: PlossABGXðf ; dÞ1⁄2dB 1⁄4 10a log d d0 þ b þ
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