Abstract
Evolution of the shape of the equipotentially charged surface of the liquid hydrogen layer covering the lower plate of a horizontally arranged flat diode in increasing external stretching electric fields has been studied experimentally for the first time. Reconstruction of a flat charged surface (formation of a stationary hump) at voltages higher than a certain critical value Uc1 is observed under conditions of total compensation of the electric field in the bulk of the liquid by a surface charge. It is shown that the transition of the flat charged surface to the reconstructed state is a phase transition close to a second-order transition. The height of the hump is found to increase with voltage, the reconstructed surface loses its ability at a voltage Uc2>1.2Uc1, and a streamed discharge is observed. Evolution of the shape of a charged droplet of constant volume suspended from the upper plate of a diode is studied with increasing electric field under the conditions when the forces of gravity and stretching electric field act in the same direction.
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