Abstract
Nonequilibrium effects created by stationary current injection in layered $d$-wave superconductors forming a stack of intrinsic Josephson junctions are studied. Starting from a nonequilibrium Green function theory we derive microscopic expressions for the charge imbalance (difference between electronlike and holelike quasiparticles) on the superconducting layers and investigate its influence on the quasiparticle current between the layers. This nonequilibrium effect leads to shifts in the current-voltage curves of the stack. The theory is applied to the interpretation of recent current injection experiments in double-mesa structures.
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