Abstract
To mitigate the fast-growing demand of electrical energy, the use of renewable energy resources, e.g., solar and wind, can offer an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution. Due to their intermittent nature, the grid connected operation of renewable energy resources provides a better performance compared to the standalone operation. However, the massive penetration of power electronic inverter/converter-interfaced renewable resources in power systems introduces new issues, such as voltage and frequency instabilities, because of their inherent low inertia properties. As a consequence, these issues may lead to serious problems, such as system blackouts. Therefore, there is an immediate demand to solve these new issues and ensure the normal performance of the power system with the large penetration of renewable energy resources. To achieve this, grid connected inverters/converters are designed to address these problems and behave as synchronous generators, which is possible with grid forming (GFM) inverters/converters concepts. This paper reviews the recent advancement of GFM converters for solving emerging issues related to the renewable rich power grids. It also provides a comprehensive review on frequency deviations and power system stability issues in low-inertia systems and recent advancements in control methods for harmonic mitigation. It is expected that this paper will help the research community to enhance the technology further to solve the challenges in renewable rich power grids.
Highlights
Electrical energy is the most common and widely used form of energy as it has many advantages, e.g., easy to transform and transport
The other one is located between the point of grid fault (PGF) and PCC in order to restrict the inrush fault current, while most previous researches have focused on output current peak limitation techniques for the current-controlled or direct power-controlled inverters that adjust the active and reactive power control coefficients and keep the injected current at a safety value, which is difficult to use in open loop voltage-controlled virtual synchronous generator (VSG) as it has no inner current loop
The application of grid forming (GFM) converters is a promising solution to the problems of the high penetration of converter-interfaced renewable resources integrated into low-inertia grids
Summary
Electrical energy is the most common and widely used form of energy as it has many advantages, e.g., easy to transform and transport. Converter-based sources have been working in the grid-following mode, as a current source in the system [1,2] In this mode, ancillary services, such as steady-state voltage support through reactive power injection, fault ride through, dynamic voltage support, and primary frequency support in terms of droop and inertial response, are available [3–5]. These are necessary for islanded operations and black start services [11] These converters are a promising method for the high penetration of renewable energy sources [9,10,15] and have a number of system functionalities, such as superior synchronization in weak grid situations, stand-alone functions and decentralized power sharing of different sources in islanded operations, which is not possible in GFL modes [16].
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