Abstract
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.
Highlights
As the world progresses, technological development has resulted in the availability of machinery, which translated into the development of a machine-based industry, resulting in increased emissions
It is primarily used for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) testing, which was classified as a motor vehicle built primarily for property transportation and rated at 6000 lbs gross vehicle weight (GVW) or less, or for personal means of transport with a capacity of 12 people or less at the implementation stage [56]
EU has mandated Real Driving Emissions (RDE) norms or in-use compliance standards since September 2017 to minimise this difference [84,85]. This mandate required vehicle emissions to be measured on the road with a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) in addition to measurements taken during the driving cycles performed under controlled laboratory conditions on a chassis dynamometer
Summary
Technological development has resulted in the availability of machinery, which translated into the development of a machine-based industry, resulting in increased emissions. Vehicle emissions depend on the vehicle nature and mode of operation factors such as driving style [11], traffic conditions [11], fuel quality and specifications [12], the technology behind the vehicle design, such as emission control technology [13,14], and ambient conditions [14,15] These factors determine the number and amount of pollutants emitted during the driving interval and cannot be replicated through engine test cycles. These pave the way for vehicle development and the consequent recent advance of vehicle technology and emission control strategies. This report would concentrate on research that has contributed to developing the RDE test protocol, which aims to minimise the gap between type-approval and real-world driving emissions
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