Abstract
Innovations in the field of nanotechnology, material science and engineering has rendered fruitful utilities in energy, environment and healthcare. Particularly, emergence of surface engineered nanomaterials offered novel varieties in the daily consumables and healthcare products including therapeutics and diagnostics. However, the nanotoxicity and bioactivity of the nanomaterials upon interaction with biological system has raised critical concerns to individual as well as to the environment. Several biological models including plant and animal sources have been identified to study the toxicity of novel nanomaterials, correlating the physio-chemical properties. Biological interaction of nanomaterials and its mediated physiological functions are studied using conventional cell/molecular biological assays to understand the expression levels of genetic information specific to intra/extra cellular enzymes, cell viability, proliferation and function. However, modern research still demands advanced bioassay methods to screen the acute and chronic effects of nanomaterials at the real-time. In this regard, bioelectrochemical techniques, with the recent advancements in the microelectronics, proved to be capable of providing non-invasive measurement of the nanotoxicity effects (in vivo and in vitro) both at single cellular and multicellular levels. This review attempted to provide a detailed information on the recent advancements made in development of bioassay models and systems for assessing the nanotoxicology. With a short background information on engineered nanomaterials and physiochemical properties specific to consumer application, present review highlights the multiple bioassay models evolved for toxicological studies. Emphasize on multiple mechanisms involved in the cell toxicity and electrochemical probing of the biological interactions, revealing the cytotoxicity were also provided. Limitations in the existing electrochemical techniques and opportunities for the future research focusing the advancement in single molecular and whole cell bioassay has been discussed.
Highlights
Emergence of interdisciplinary research in materials science has revolutionized the advent of nanomaterials
Cell types/lines as transportermediated transcytosis, receptor-mediated transcytosis, and adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, further accumulation of NPs in the brain may be enhanced by inhibition of efflux pumps (Liu and He, 2017). (v) Hepatic and renal: lungs are primary targets of nanoparticle toxicity they can reach to other organs like liver, kidney and brain through blood circulation, where they provoke immune system and increase inflammation too (Parivar et al, 2016)
Different types of mechanisms including cellular exocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS), measuring the impedance behavior of the cells, and monitoring ions released have been reported for studying the cytotoxic effect of nanomaterials
Summary
Emergence of interdisciplinary research in materials science has revolutionized the advent of nanomaterials. Synthetic, semi-synthetic and natural material-derived polymers were explored in surface functionalization of metal/metal oxide NPs (Veerapandian and Yun, 2010; Safari and Zarnegar, 2014; Manickam et al, 2020) Such combination of two or three different chemical composition into single nanostructures are classified as hybrid NP system. High surfaceto-volume ratio of NPs offers huge advantages over the conventional bulk material it has wide applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical sectors (Wang et al, 2016), chemical/textile/food processing industries (Stark et al, 2015), energy harvesting/storage (Cassee et al, 2011) and other consumer products (Stamm et al, 2012) At this juncture, it is essential to be alert of consequences of new developments in this field. Outcome of this report would benefit the material chemists’ and environmental scientists’ and provide valuable resource to researchers working on bioassay platform design, biomaterials, pharmaceuticals and biomedical science
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