Abstract
This chapter introduces biological interactions or biointeractions as ongoing energy-consuming “processes” that evolve in space and time, and have no beginning or end. A biological interaction is different from a simple chemical reaction or physical change of a system. This is due in part to the higher complexity of biological macromolecules and systems that typically exhibit a hierarchy of nonequilibrium structures ranging in size from proteins to membranes and cells, to tissues and organs, and finally to whole organisms. Biological interactions do not occur in a linear, stepwise fashion, but involve competing interactions, branching pathways, feedback loops, and regulatory mechanisms. Biological interactions are essentially “dynamic” since biological systems are never at thermodynamic equilibrium, and they are not closed systems. This chapter begins with explaining the subtleties of biological forces and interactions. It then discusses the general considerations for interactions that evolve in space and time. The Bell and Jarzynski equations related to biological rupture and capture are discussed. The chapter elaborates the concept of multiple bonds in series and in parallel. The chapter concludes with a comparison study of self-assembly versus directed assembly.
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