Abstract
development and growth by three phases either independently or in sequence: the host immune system recognizes and eliminates primary developing tumors (cancer immunosurveillance), restrains the growth of established tumors to keep them clinically unapparent (equilibrium), and loses control of tumor cell variants that dampen immunogenicity and/or gain the capacity to subvert immune system (escape). Several recent studies in human cancer also provide circumstantial evidence to indicate that immunoediting might be operative in diverse human malignancies. It appears that any immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at eliminating clinically apparent tumors might be unsuccessful on the surface, because the tumors have been edited so that they are highly resistant to immune attack. However, intensifying immunity to tumors by cancer vaccines and/or adoptive immunotherapy in combination with blocking immunosuppressive mechanisms would be expected to have therapeutic efficacies.
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