Abstract
Publisher Summary The linac coherent light source (LCLS) free-electron lasers (FELs) operates in the wavelength range of 1.5–15 Angstrom, using an electron beam with energy between 4.5 and 14.5 GeV. The generation of the electron beam, the preservation of its brightness during acceleration and compression, and the amplification of the spontaneous radiation within the FEL can only be described by a consistent set of simulation codes. This chapter presents the change in the FEL performance with respect to the LCLS design case, when various effects are included, altering the electron beam distribution and motion. It discusses the multiple start-end simulations to distinguish the individual contribution of each effect, including step by step additional effects and, thus, approaching a more realistic model of the LCLS FEL. The simulation codes—Parmela, Elegant, Ginger, and Genesis—have been successfully used for the start-end simulations of the LCLS X-ray FEL, including effects such as misalignment and beam jitter. However, a degradation of up to 60% and a fluctuation in the FEL output power of more than 25% cannot be removed.
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