Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. S. aureus has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of S. aureus infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. S. aureus uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize S. aureus toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.
Highlights
Staphylococcus aureus continues to be one of the most involved bacteria in human diseases
Key Contribution: This review described the main toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus and discussed anti-toxin strategies to fight these bacteria
Pore-Forming Toxins (PFTs) are a type of bacterial virulence factor found in a wide range of human diseases, including S. aureus, which uses a variety of pore-forming cytotoxins to create pores in the host cell membrane causing cell lysis or to disrupt host cell actin cytoskeleton creating breaches in endothelial cells (EDIN exotoxin)
Summary
Staphylococcus aureus continues to be one of the most involved bacteria in human diseases. Enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins (ETs), hemolysins, epidermal cell differentiation inhibitors (EDINs), and Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) have all been identified as extracellular protein toxins that enhance pathogenicity [8] Some of these toxins were detected in MRSA infections more frequently than non-MRSA cases [9,10,11]. PFTs are a type of bacterial virulence factor found in a wide range of human diseases, including S. aureus, which uses a variety of pore-forming cytotoxins (i.e., hemolysins, leukotoxins, and phenol-soluble modulins) to create pores in the host cell membrane causing cell lysis or to disrupt host cell actin cytoskeleton creating breaches in endothelial cells (EDIN exotoxin)
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