Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are used for both stationary and mobile applications. While in the automotive industry standard profiles are used to compare the performance and efficiency of competing vehicles, a similar comparative metric has not been proposed for stationary battery energy storage systems. Because standard profiles are missing, the comparable evaluation of different applications with respect to efficiency, long-term behavior and profitability is very difficult or not possible at all. This work presents a method to create these standard profiles and the results are available as open data for download. Input profiles including frequency data, industry load profiles and household load profiles are transformed into storage profiles including storage power and state of charge using a holistic simulation framework. Various degrees of freedom for the energy management system as well as for the storage design are implemented and the results are post-processed with a profile analyzer tool in order to identify six key characteristics, these being: full-equivalent cycles, efficiency, depth of cycles, resting periods, number of changes of sign and energy throughput between changes of sign. All applications examined in this paper show unique characteristics which are essential for the design of the storage system. E.g., the numbers for annual full-equivalent cycles vary from 19 to 282 and the efficiency lies between 83% and 93%. With aid of this work in conjunction with the open data results, users can test and compare their own cell types, operation strategies and system topologies with those of the paper. Furthermore, the storage power profiles and state of charge data can be used as a reference for lifetime and profitability studies for stationary storage systems.
Highlights
A high share of renewable energies poses new challenges to the power grid
A comparison is done within each application between power electronics and battery technology (FCR), operation strategies (SCI) and the three Peak Shaving (PS) clusters
In this paper we presented a method to create standard profiles for stationary battery energy storage systems, the results of which are available as open data for download
Summary
A high share of renewable energies poses new challenges to the power grid. Due to decreasing costs of Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB), stationary Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are discussed as a viable building block in this context. In Germany, the installed storage power with batteries increased from 126 MW in 2015 to over 700 MW in 2018 [1]. There seems to be consensus, that these applications are the main drivers for the stationary battery storage market. If it comes to quantitative analyses of profitability, efficiency and aging of storage systems in a singular use case or even across applications, striking differences in numbers become apparent. In order to make single applications easier to compare, open-source available reference profiles for stationary BESS, similar to the widely used Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) for electric vehicles applications, are suggested and may help to assess the performance of BESSs
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