StackDILI: Enhancing Drug-Induced Liver Injury Prediction through Stacking Strategy with Effective Molecular Representations.

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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major challenge in drug development, often leading to clinical trial failures and market withdrawals due to liver toxicity. This study presents StackDILI, a computational framework designed to accelerate toxicity assessment by predicting DILI risk. StackDILI integrates multiple molecular descriptors to extract structural and physicochemical features, including the constitution, pharmacophore, MACCS, and E-state descriptors. Additionally, a genetic algorithm is employed for feature selection and optimization, ensuring that the most relevant features are used. These optimized features are processed through a stacking ensemble model comprising multiple tree-based machine learning models, improving prediction accuracy and interpretability. Notably, StackDILI demonstrates a strong performance on the DILIrank test set and maintains robustness across cross-validation. Moreover, interpretability analysis reveals key molecular features associated with DILI risks, providing valuable insights into toxicity prediction. To further improve accessibility, a user-friendly web interface is developed, allowing users to input SMILES strings and receive rapid predictions with ease. The StackDILI model provides a powerful tool for efficient DILI assessment, supporting safer drug development. The web interface is accessible at https://awi.cuhk.edu.cn/biosequence/StackDILI/.