Stachydrine derived from fermented rice prevents diet-induced obesity by regulating adipsin and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis

Abstract

Makgeolli, a widely consumed traditional alcoholic beverage in Korea, is brewed mainly from rice using Nuruk as a fermentation starter, which contains fungi, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria. Among 58 Makgeolli samples brewed using various Nuruks, we found that one exhibited anti-obesity properties, with stachydrine shown to be responsible for these properties. Stachydrine promotes lipolysis and inhibits lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; it also reduces weight gain and improves glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in a mouse model. Stachydrine dramatically suppresses adipsin mRNA levels in liver and adipose tissue, whereas serum adipsin levels were elevated in stachydrine-treated mice compared to mice fed a high-fat diet alone. Moreover, stachydrine recovers endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and regulates adipsin expression. We highlight the potential use of stachydrine as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance and the use of Makgeolli fermented by Nuruk as a source of novel bioactive compounds.