Abstract
The green Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a promising paradigm to reduce the energy consumed by nodes in dense networks. To ensure energy efficiency (EE) operation, network devices are equipped with energy harvesting (EH) batteries that can further prolong the network lifetime. This study investigates a two-way relaying (TWR) device-to-device (D2D) model sharing the same resources with the underlying cellular network where all devices can harvest renewable energy (RE) from the surrounding environment. Each relay can assist one D2D link and harvest part of the received signal using the power splitting (PS) protocol. The radio frequency (RF) harvested energy is modeled using a non-linear EH model to match the behavior of the practical energy harvester. The main objective is to maximize the data rate (DR) of D2D links while preserving the quality of service (QoS) constraints. Therefore, a joint optimization solution based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for power allocation (PA) and one-to-one stable matching (SM) for best relay selection (RS) is performed to untangle the mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. Simulation results illustrate the behavior of the proposed model under different parameters as well as it is superiority over the most recent algorithm in terms of D2D link rate and EE.
Highlights
F IFTH generation wireless cellular networks (5G) as a key enabling technology for Internet of Things (IoT) promises a powerful combination of high speed, large bandwidth, low latency, ubiquitous coverage, increased power efficiency and more secure connectivity
Since the renewable energy (RE) harvested from the surrounding environment is naturally random and follows a stochastic process [34], we model the packets’ arrival as a Poisson process with rate 3 packets/s, where each independent and identical (i.i.d.) energy packet follows the uniform distribution U (0,100) mJoule [35]
The parameters used in the non-linear radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting (EH) model are a = 429.03, b = 473.18, and c = 645.26 based on MATLAB Curve fitting tool, while the conversion efficiency of the linear model is set to be ζRF = 0.7
Summary
F IFTH generation wireless cellular networks (5G) as a key enabling technology for Internet of Things (IoT) promises a powerful combination of high speed, large bandwidth, low latency, ubiquitous coverage, increased power efficiency and more secure connectivity. Some promising technologies arise to fulfill 5G performance desires such as massive MIMO, Device-to-device (D2D) communication, interference management, spectrum sharing, mm-wave communication, and cloud technologies [1]. IoT enables a wide variety of devices to communicate with each other sharing an enormous amount and variety of data generated by different applications to provide new services to citizens, companies, and public administrations [2]. Within IoT, there are two types of communications. The second type is secondary communication, which does not require infrastructure, such as D2D communication [3]
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